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𝐹 =𝑚∙𝑎
Law of Universal Gravitation
𝐺𝑀𝑚
𝐹𝑔 = 2
𝑟
where 𝐹𝑔 = gravitational force
M and m = masses of two objects
r = distance between two objects
𝐹=𝐹
1 𝐺𝑀𝑚 1
𝑚𝑎= 2
𝑚 𝑟 𝑚
𝐺𝑀
𝑎= 2
𝑟
𝐺𝑀
𝑎= 2
𝑟
1
𝑎=𝑘∙ 2
𝑟
1
𝑎=𝑘∙ 2
𝑟
-g
Initial condition:
R
r = R, radius of the Earth
1
−𝑔 = 𝑘 ∙ 2 R
𝑅
2
𝑘 = −𝑔 ∙ 𝑅
𝑑𝑣
𝑎=
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑟
𝑎= ∙
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑟
𝑎= ∙
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑟
𝑎= ∙
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑟
𝑎= ∙
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑟
𝑣=
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣
𝑎= ∙ 𝑣
𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑣
𝑎= ∙𝑣
𝑑𝑟
1
𝑎=𝑘∙ 2
𝑟
1 𝑑𝑣
𝑘∙ 2= ∙ 𝑣
𝑟 𝑑𝑟
1 𝑑𝑣
𝑘∙ 2= ∙𝑣
𝑟 𝑑𝑟
Apply separation of variables method
1 𝑑𝑣
dr 𝑘 2= 𝑣 dr
𝑟 𝑑𝑟
1
𝑑𝑟 ∙ 𝑘 2 = 𝑑𝑣 𝑣
𝑟
1
𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑘 2 𝑑𝑟
𝑟
1
න 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑘 න 2 𝑑𝑟
𝑟
න 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑘 −2
න 𝑟 dr
2 −1
𝑣 𝑟
= ∙𝑘 + 𝐶
2 −1
𝑣 2 −1
= ∙𝑘 + 𝐶
2 𝑟
𝑘 = −𝑔 ∙ 𝑅 2
𝑣 2 −1
= 2
∙ −𝑔 𝑅 + 𝐶
2 𝑟
1 2 𝑔𝑅 2
𝑣 = + 𝐶
2 𝑟
Next is to get rid of the constant of integration.
Initial conditions:
1 𝑔𝑅 2
𝑣0 2 = + 𝐶
2 𝑅
1 2
𝐶= 𝑣0 − 𝑔𝑅
2
1 2 𝑔𝑅2 1 2
𝑣 = + 𝐶 𝐶= 𝑣0 − 𝑔𝑅
2 𝑟 2
1 2 𝑔𝑅2 1 2
𝑣 = + 𝑣0 − 𝑔𝑅
2 𝑟 2
We can determine the minimum initial velocity so
that the body being projected outward the earth will
never get pulled back due to earth's gravity, and
means this velocity will never go down to zero or
negative.
2
1 2 𝑔𝑅 1 2
𝑣 = + 𝑣0 − 𝑔𝑅
2 𝑟 2
r
1 2
𝑣0 − 𝑔𝑅 ≥ 0
2
1 2
𝑣0 − 𝑔𝑅 ≥ 0
2
1 2
2 𝑣0 ≥ 𝑔𝑅 2
2
2
𝑣0 ≥ 2𝑔𝑅
𝑣0 2 ≥ 2𝑔𝑅
𝑣0 ≥ 2𝑔𝑅
𝑣0 ≥ 2𝑔𝑅 or 𝑣0 = 2𝑔𝑅
𝑣𝑒 = 2𝑔𝑅
Minimum velocity a body should have in order to get
away from the earth.
g = 9.80665 m/s2
R = 6378 km
𝑣𝑒 = 2𝑔𝑅
9.80665𝑚 1000𝑚
𝑣𝑒 = 2 6378𝑘𝑚
𝑠2 1𝑘𝑚
125093627.4𝑚2
𝑣𝑒 =
𝑠2
Escape velocity from the surface of the Earth
125093627.4𝑚2
𝑣𝑒 =
𝑠2
𝑣𝑒 = 11184.53 m/s
or
𝑣𝑒 = 11.18 km/s
That means any particle leaving the earth's surface
should have the minimum 11. 18 km/s velocity to
escape the earth's gravitational field.
Escape velocity from the surface of the Moon
g = 1.62 m/s2
R = 1737.1 km
𝑣𝑒 = 2𝑔𝑅
1.62𝑚 1000𝑚
𝑣𝑒 = 2 1737.1𝑘𝑚
𝑠2 1𝑘𝑚
5635221.57𝑚2
𝑣𝑒 =
𝑠2
Escape velocity from the surface of the Moon
5635221.57𝑚2
𝑣𝑒 =
𝑠2
𝑣𝑒 = 2373.86 m/s
or
𝑣𝑒 = 2.37 km/s
That means any particle leaving the moon's surface
should have the minimum 2.37 km/s velocity to
escape the moon's gravitational field.
Escape velocity from the surface of the Jupiter
g = 24.79m/s2
R = 71492 km
𝑣𝑒 = 2𝑔𝑅
24.79𝑚 1000𝑚
𝑣𝑒 = 2 71492𝑘𝑚
𝑠2 1𝑘𝑚
3544746542𝑚2
𝑣𝑒 =
𝑠2
Escape velocity from the surface of the Jupiter
3544746542𝑚2
𝑣𝑒 =
𝑠2
𝑣𝑒 = 59537.77 m/s
or
𝑣𝑒 = 59.538 km/s
That means any particle leaving the Jupiter's surface
should have the minimum 59.538 km/s velocity to
escape the Jupiter's gravitational field.
Fin