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An object can be thrown up with a certain

minimum initial velocity so that the object


goes beyond the earth's gravitational field and
escape the earth.

This is known as the


escape velocity from the earth.
Escape Velocity
The speed that the object needs to be
traveling to break free of a planetary or
moon's gravity well and leave it without
further propulsion.

The minimum velocity an object must have


to escape a celestial body's gravitational field
permanently, or without ever falling back
again.
V=?

Consider the problem of


determining the velocity of a
particle projected in a radial
Gravity
direction outward from the
earth and acted upon by
only one force, the
gravitational force of the
earth.
Let's come up an equation that describes
the velocity as a function of distance
away from the earth.
First, we have the formula:

𝐹 =𝑚∙𝑎
Law of Universal Gravitation

𝐺𝑀𝑚
𝐹𝑔 = 2
𝑟
where 𝐹𝑔 = gravitational force
M and m = masses of two objects
r = distance between two objects
𝐹=𝐹

1 𝐺𝑀𝑚 1
𝑚𝑎= 2
𝑚 𝑟 𝑚
𝐺𝑀
𝑎= 2
𝑟
𝐺𝑀
𝑎= 2
𝑟
1
𝑎=𝑘∙ 2
𝑟
1
𝑎=𝑘∙ 2
𝑟
-g

Initial condition:
R
r = R, radius of the Earth

a = -g, acceleration due to gravity


Initial condition:

r = R, radius of the Earth

a = -g, acceleration due to gravity -g

1
−𝑔 = 𝑘 ∙ 2 R

𝑅
2
𝑘 = −𝑔 ∙ 𝑅
𝑑𝑣
𝑎=
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑟
𝑎= ∙
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑟
𝑎= ∙
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑟

𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑟
𝑎= ∙
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑟
𝑎= ∙
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑟
𝑣=
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑣
𝑎= ∙ 𝑣
𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑣
𝑎= ∙𝑣
𝑑𝑟
1
𝑎=𝑘∙ 2
𝑟

1 𝑑𝑣
𝑘∙ 2= ∙ 𝑣
𝑟 𝑑𝑟
1 𝑑𝑣
𝑘∙ 2= ∙𝑣
𝑟 𝑑𝑟
Apply separation of variables method

1 𝑑𝑣
dr 𝑘 2= 𝑣 dr
𝑟 𝑑𝑟
1
𝑑𝑟 ∙ 𝑘 2 = 𝑑𝑣 𝑣
𝑟
1
𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑘 2 𝑑𝑟
𝑟
1
න 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑘 න 2 𝑑𝑟
𝑟

න 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑘 −2
න 𝑟 dr
2 −1
𝑣 𝑟
= ∙𝑘 + 𝐶
2 −1
𝑣 2 −1
= ∙𝑘 + 𝐶
2 𝑟
𝑘 = −𝑔 ∙ 𝑅 2

𝑣 2 −1
= 2
∙ −𝑔 𝑅 + 𝐶
2 𝑟
1 2 𝑔𝑅 2
𝑣 = + 𝐶
2 𝑟
Next is to get rid of the constant of integration.

Initial conditions:

r = R (the position is equal to the Earth’s radius)

v= 𝑣0 (initial velocity of the body when it leaves Earth)

1 𝑔𝑅 2
𝑣0 2 = + 𝐶
2 𝑅
1 2
𝐶= 𝑣0 − 𝑔𝑅
2

Going back to the equation being solved using the


separation of variables method

1 2 𝑔𝑅2 1 2
𝑣 = + 𝐶 𝐶= 𝑣0 − 𝑔𝑅
2 𝑟 2

1 2 𝑔𝑅2 1 2
𝑣 = + 𝑣0 − 𝑔𝑅
2 𝑟 2
We can determine the minimum initial velocity so
that the body being projected outward the earth will
never get pulled back due to earth's gravity, and
means this velocity will never go down to zero or
negative.

2
1 2 𝑔𝑅 1 2
𝑣 = + 𝑣0 − 𝑔𝑅
2 𝑟 2
r
1 2
𝑣0 − 𝑔𝑅 ≥ 0
2
1 2
𝑣0 − 𝑔𝑅 ≥ 0
2

1 2
2 𝑣0 ≥ 𝑔𝑅 2
2
2
𝑣0 ≥ 2𝑔𝑅
𝑣0 2 ≥ 2𝑔𝑅

𝑣0 ≥ 2𝑔𝑅
𝑣0 ≥ 2𝑔𝑅 or 𝑣0 = 2𝑔𝑅

𝑣𝑒 = 2𝑔𝑅
Minimum velocity a body should have in order to get
away from the earth.

The above equation is called the velocity of escape.


This is applicable at any planets and moons in the
solar system including earth.
Acceleration due to gravity of Earth and other
celestial bodies
Celestial Bodies Gravity Radius
(in terms with Earth’s) (at the
equator)
Earth 1 g (9.80665 m/s2) 6378 km
Moon 0.1654g (1.62 m/s2) 1737.1 km
Mercury 0.38g (3.7 m/s2) 2440 km
Venus 0.904g (8.87 m/s2) 6052 km
Mars 0.38g (3.711m/s2) 3396 km
Jupiter 2.528g (24.79m/s2) 71492 km
Saturn 1.065g (10.44m/s2) 60268 km
Uranus 0.886g (8.69m/s2) 25559 km
Neptune 1.14g (11.15m/s2) 24764 km
Escape velocity from the surface of the Earth

g = 9.80665 m/s2

R = 6378 km

𝑣𝑒 = 2𝑔𝑅
9.80665𝑚 1000𝑚
𝑣𝑒 = 2 6378𝑘𝑚
𝑠2 1𝑘𝑚

125093627.4𝑚2
𝑣𝑒 =
𝑠2
Escape velocity from the surface of the Earth

125093627.4𝑚2
𝑣𝑒 =
𝑠2

𝑣𝑒 = 11184.53 m/s
or
𝑣𝑒 = 11.18 km/s
That means any particle leaving the earth's surface
should have the minimum 11. 18 km/s velocity to
escape the earth's gravitational field.
Escape velocity from the surface of the Moon

g = 1.62 m/s2

R = 1737.1 km

𝑣𝑒 = 2𝑔𝑅
1.62𝑚 1000𝑚
𝑣𝑒 = 2 1737.1𝑘𝑚
𝑠2 1𝑘𝑚

5635221.57𝑚2
𝑣𝑒 =
𝑠2
Escape velocity from the surface of the Moon

5635221.57𝑚2
𝑣𝑒 =
𝑠2

𝑣𝑒 = 2373.86 m/s
or
𝑣𝑒 = 2.37 km/s
That means any particle leaving the moon's surface
should have the minimum 2.37 km/s velocity to
escape the moon's gravitational field.
Escape velocity from the surface of the Jupiter

g = 24.79m/s2

R = 71492 km

𝑣𝑒 = 2𝑔𝑅
24.79𝑚 1000𝑚
𝑣𝑒 = 2 71492𝑘𝑚
𝑠2 1𝑘𝑚

3544746542𝑚2
𝑣𝑒 =
𝑠2
Escape velocity from the surface of the Jupiter

3544746542𝑚2
𝑣𝑒 =
𝑠2

𝑣𝑒 = 59537.77 m/s
or
𝑣𝑒 = 59.538 km/s
That means any particle leaving the Jupiter's surface
should have the minimum 59.538 km/s velocity to
escape the Jupiter's gravitational field.
Fin

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