Deciphering Electrical Characteristics

in an
Op Amp Datasheet

1 of 78
Op Amp Basics

2 of 78
Ideal Operational Amplifier

• Ideal Op Amp
Zero input current
• Infinite input resistance +IN + OUT
• Infinite open loop gain
• Zero output resistance -IN -
• Infinite Slew Rate

Input Current = 0A
Open Loop Gain
Infinite Rout OUT
+IN + +
Rin
0 ohms
Infinite
- -
-IN

Input Current = 0A Ideal Op Amp

3 of 78
 Op Amp Loop Gain Model

network
RF
network =VFB/VOUT

VOUT
VFB
RI
-
VOUT
+ RF

+ VFB
VIN
- RI


VOUT/VIN = Acl = Aol/(1+Aolβ)
If Aol >> 1 then Acl ≈ 1/β
- Aol: Open Loop Gain
VIN +
 Aol VOUT β: Feedback Factor
Acl: Closed Loop Gain

4 of 78
Ideal Operational Amplifier

VINM
-

VINP +
 Aol VOUT

VOUT = (VINP – VINM) * Aol

VOUT / Aol – VINP = -VINM

If Aol = ∞ (for an Ideal Op Amp) then:

-VINP = -VINM
or
VINP = VINM

5 of 78
Ideal Operational Amplifier
Irf = (Vout - Vin) / RF
Iri = Vin / RI
Iin- = 0A
Non-Inverting Configuration

For Ideal Op Amp Irf = Iri

With Feedback and High Open Loop Gain: (Vout - Vin) / RF = Vin / RI
+IN is forced to equal -IN Vout / Vin = 1 + RF/RI

Ideal Op Amp
+
Vin 1 Vin 1V Vout 10V
-

Iin- = 0A

RI 10k RF 90k

Iri Irf

6 of 78
Ideal Operational Amplifier Irf = (Vout - 0V) / RF
Iri = (0V-Vin) / RI
Iin- = 0A
Inverting Configuration
For Ideal Op Amp Irf = Iri
With Feedback and High Open Loop Gain: (Vout - 0V) / RF = (0V-Vin) / RI
+IN is forced to equal -IN Vout / Vin = -RF/RI

Ideal Op Amp
+
Gnd 0V Vout -9V
-

Iin- = 0A

RI 10k RF 90k

Vin 1
Iri Irf

7 of 78
Intuitive AC Op Amp Model

VO
RO
IN+ K(f) VOUT
x1
+
RIN VDIFF
-
IN-

8 of 78
Input Specifications
Input Bias Current (Ib) & Input Offset Current (Ios)
Input Offset Voltage (Vos)
Power Supply Rejection Ratio (PSRR): Referred-To-Input Vos
Common Mode Voltage Range (Vcm)
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR): Referred-To-Input Vos
Small Signal Input Parasitics: Input Capacitance, Input Resistance
Input Noise: Current, Voltage (in, en)

9 of 78
Input Bias Current (Ib), Input Offset Current (Ios)

Ib- 3p Ib+ + Ib-

Ib =
Ideal Op Amp 2
- 7pA + 3pA
Ib = = 5pA
Vout 2
+
Ios = Ib+ - Ib-
Ios = 7pA - 3pA = 4pA
Ib+ 7p

Ib = 5pA
Ios = 4pA

Polarity is + or –
Current into or out of inputs

10 of 78
Input Bias Current (Ib), Input Offset Current (Ios)

25C Specs in Table

Often Curves for Temperature Specs
Polarity is + or –

11 of 78
Input Bias Current (Ib)  Vout Error
Vinm = 1.5uV 2
Vinm RF 1M
1 RF 1M
Vout
Ib- 3p
Ib- 3p RI 1M Ideal Op Amp
RI 1M Idelal Op Amp
-
- Vout
Vout Rs 1M +
Rs 1M +

Vin Ib flow s through feedback and input resistors

Ib+ 7p
+

Ib+ 7p Ib causes errors at Vout Vinp

Vin View Vout and Vin as low impedance
Vinp =7uV Vinm = Ib- (RF // RI)
Vinp = Ib+ (Rs)

3 RF 1M R2 1M 4
RI 1M VIb- 1.5u Ideal Op Amp R3 1M Ideal Op Amp

- -
Vout Vout
Rs 1M + R1 1M
Vout error = 11uV + Vout error = 11uV

VIb+ 7u
+

VIb 5.5u
Vin Ib flow s through feedback and input resistors Vin + Simplified VIb Model
Model as VIb+ and VIb-
VIb = VIb+ - VIb-
Inverting and Non-Inverting Gains create Vout error
Non-Invverting Gain Creates Vout error

12 of 78
Input Offset Voltage (Vos)  Vout Error

25C Specs in Table

Often Histograms show distribution of Vos
Polarity is + or –

RF 1M

RI 1M Ideal Op Amp

-
Vout
+ Vout error = 50uV

Vos 25u
Input Offset Voltage
Creates Vout error

13 of 78
Input Offset Voltage (Vos) Drift  Vout Error

Vos Drift Specs in Table

Often Histograms show RF 1M
distribution of Vos Drift
Polarity is + or -
RI 1M Ideal Op Amp

-
Vos_drift 60u Vos 25u Vout
+ Vout error = 170uV

Initial Vos + Vos Drift creates Vout error

Operating Temperatue = 25C to 85C

T = 85C - 25C = 60C
dVos
Vos_drift = T 
dT
Vos_drift = 60C  1uV/C = 60uV

14 of 78
Power Supply Rejection Ratio (PSRR)  Vout Error

RF 1M

DC PSRR in Table
DC PSRR Drift in Table RI 1M Ideal Op Amp
Polarity is + or - -
Vout
+
PSRR is an RTI (Referred-To-Input) specification + Vout error = 20uV
Appears as Input Offset Voltage Vos_PSRR 10u
delta_Vcc 500m

PSSR DC = 20uV/V Vcc 5

delta_Vcc = 500mV (DC change in Vcc)
Vos_PSRR = PSSR DC  delta_Vcc
Vos_PSRR = 20uV/V  500mV = 10uV

PSSR reflects as Vos_PSRR & creates Vout error

15 of 78
Power Supply Rejection Ratio (PSRR)  Vout Error
AC PSRR in Curve
Frequency of analysis = 20kHz
PSRR AC @ 20kHz = 80dB
Convert PSRR (dB) to PSRR (Linear Gain):
(80dB/20)
10 = 10,000
PSRR is an attenuation so 1V gets attenuated by x10,000
1/10,000 = 1e-4V/V
Now convert numerator to uV:
(1e-4V)  (1uV/1e-6V) = 1e-4uV / 1e-6 = 100uV:
PSRR AC @ 20kHz = 100uV/V

20kHz
R4 1M

R5 1M Ideal Op Amp
-
PSSR AC @ 20kHz = 100uV/V
Vout
delta_Vcc_ac = 100mVpp (AC change in Vcc @ 20kHz) +
+ Vout error = 20uVpp @ 20kHz
+
Vos_PSRR_ac = PSSR AC  delta_Vcc_ac delta_Vcc_ac

+
Vos_PSRR_ac
Vos_PSRR_ac = 100uV/V  100mVpp = 10uVpp 10uVpp @ 20kHz 100mVpp @ 20kHz

PSRR AC reflects as Vos_PSRR_ac & creates Vout error Vcc 5

PSRR is an RTI (Referred-To-Input) specification

Appears as Input Offset Voltage

16 of 78
Common Mode Voltage Range (Vcm)

Vin_CM = Voltage Common to Vinp & Vinm RF 1M

Common Mode Voltage Range

For: Non-Inverting Gain Vinp = Vinm
So: Vin_CM = Vin Vinm Vee 15
From Vcm spec Vin must stay 2V aw ay from either
supply for op amp to operate as a linear gain block V = 2V max
Ideal Op Amp
-
Vcm
Vinp Vout
Same for DC & AC +
+
AC peak voltage < Vcm

+
Vin V = 2V max
-13V < Vin < +13V
Vcc 15

17 of 78
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)  Vout Error

CMRR DC in Table CMRR DC reflects as Vos_CMRR & creates Vout error

Polarity is + or -

CMRR DC = 130dB RF 1M
Convert CMRR (dB) to CMRR (Linear Gain):
(130dB/20)
10 = 3.16e+6
CMRR is an attenuation so 1V gets attenuated by x3.16e+6
1/3.16e+6 = 3.16e-7V/V V2 15
Now convert numerator to uV:
Ideal Op Amp
(31.6e-7V)  (1uV/1e-6V) = 3.16e-7uV / 1e-6 = 0.316uV: RI 1M
CMRR DC = 0.316uV/V -
Vout
+
+ Vout error = 3.16uV
CMRR DC = 0.316uV/V
Vin = 5V for Non-Inverting Gain Vin =Vcm Vin 5 Vos_CMRR 1.58u V1 15
Vcm = 5V
Vos_CMRR = CMRR DC  Vcm
Vos_CMRR = 0.316uV/V  5V = 1.58uV

CMRR is an RTI (Referred-To-Input) specification

Appears as Input Offset Voltage

18 of 78
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)  Vout Error
AC CMRR in Curve Frequency of Analysis = 1kHz
CMRR AC = 100dB @ 1kHz
Convert CMRR (dB) to CMRR (Linear Gain):
(100dB/20)
10 = 100,000
CMRR is an attenuation so 1V gets attenuated by x100,000
1/100,000 = 1e-5V/V
Now convert numerator to uV:
(1e-5V)  (1uV/1e-6V) = 1e-5uV / 1e-6 = 10uV:
CMRR AC = 10uV/V @ 1kHz

RF 1M

CMRR AC = 10uV/V @1kHz RI 1M Vee 15

Vin = 20Vpp for Non-Inverting Gain Vin =Vcm_ac
Vcm_ac = 20Vpp Ideal Op Amp
200uVpp @ 1kHz
Vos_CMRR_ac = CMRR AC  Vcm_ac -
Vos_CMRR_ac
Vos_CMRR_ac = 10uV/V  20Vpp = 200uVpp Vout
+
+
+ Vout error = 400uVpp @ 1kHz
+

CMRR AC reflects as Vos_CMRR_ac & creates Vout error Vin Vcc 15

20Vpp @ 1kHz

CMRR is an RTI (Referred-To-Input) specification

Appears as Input Offset Voltage

19 of 78
 Cin RF 1M
Small Signal
Input Parasitics Vee

RI 1M

Ccm, Cdiff in Table

Rcm, Rdiff in Table if specified
Ccm Rcm
Ideal Op Amp
-In - Vout
Cdiff Rdiff
+
+
+In

Ccm Rcm

Rdiff > 200G for Bipolar Inputs Small Signal

Rcm > 40M for Bipolar Inputs Input Parasitics
Even greater for JFET or MOSFET inputs
Vcc

Ccm and Cdiff can be a problem:

Ccm and Cdiff form Cin
Cin & RF form a Loop Gain pole  unwanted oscillations depending upon UGBW and value of RF.

20 of 78
Input Noise: Current, Voltage (in, en)

21 of 78
Op Amp Noise Model

Noise Model
(IN+ and IN- are not correlated) OPA277 Data

VN

IN+ IN-

IOP1

Tina Simplified Model

fA -
VN IN
* +
*
nV
U1

22 of 78
 Understanding The Spectrum:
Total Noise Equation (Current or Voltage)
1/f Noise Region White Noise Region
(Pink Noise Region) (Broadband Noise Region)

100k

10k

Voltage Noise (nV/ Hz )

1k

100

10

1
enT = √[(en1/f)2 + (enBB)2] 0.1 1 10 100 1k 10k
Frequency (Hz)

where: fL enBB calculation fH

enT = Total rms Voltage Noise in volts rms en1/f calculation
en1/f = 1/f voltage noise in volts rms
enBB = Broadband voltage noise in volts rms

23 of 78
Real Filter Correction vs Brickwall Filter

Noise BW
where:
fP = roll-off frequency of pole or poles
Small Signal BW
0 fBF = equivalent brickwall filter frequency

Skirt of
1-Pole Filter
Response
Filter Attenuation (dB)

Skirt of
-20 2-Pole Filter
Response

Skirt of
3-Pole Filter
Response
-40
Brickwall

-80

0.1fP 10fP
fP fBF

Frequency (f)
24 of 78
AC Noise Bandwidth Ratios for nth Order Low-Pass Filters

BWn = (fH)(Kn) Effective Noise Bandwidth

Real Filter Correction vs Brickwall Filter

Number of Poles in Kn
Filter AC Noise Bandwidth Ratio

1 1.57
2 1.22
3 1.16
4 1.13
5 1.12

25 of 78
 Broadband Noise Equation
eBB

BWn = (fH)(Kn)

where:
BWn = noise bandwidth for a given system
fH = upper frequency of frequency range of operation
Kn = “Brickwall” filter multiplier to include the “skirt” effects of a low pass filter

enBB = (eBB)(√[BWn])

where:
enBB = Broadband voltage noise in volts rms
eBB = Broadband voltage noise density ; usually in nV/√Hz
BWn = Noise bandwidth for a given system

26 of 78
 1/f Noise Equation
e1/f@1Hz

e1/f@1Hz = (e1/f@f)(√[f])

where:
e1/f@1Hz = normalized noise at 1Hz (usually in nV)
e1/f@f = voltage noise density at f ; (usually in nV/√Hz)
f = a frequency in the 1/f region where noise voltage density is known

en1/f = (e1/f@1Hz)(√[ln(fH/fL)])

where:
en1/f = 1/f voltage noise in volts rms over frequency range of operation
e1/f@1Hz = voltage noise density at 1Hz; (usually in nV)
fH = upper frequency of frequency range of operation
(Use BWn as an approximation for fH)
fL = lower frequency of frequency range of operation

27 of 78
 Example Noise Calculation

Given:
R2 1k R1 100k OPA627
Noise Gain of 101

V1 15 Find (RTI, RTO):

-
Voltage Noise
VF1
Current Noise
++ U1 OPA627/BB Resistor Noise
+

V2 15
VG1

28 of 78
 Voltage Noise Spectrum and Noise Bandwidth

50nV/rt-Hz

5nV/rt-Hz

Unity Gain Bandwidth = 16MHz

Closed Loop Bandwidth = 16MHz / 101 = 158kHz

29 of 78
 Example Voltage Noise Calculation

Voltage Noise Calculation:

Broadband Voltage Noise Component:

BWn ≈ (fH)(Kn) (note Kn = 1.57 for single pole)
BWn ≈ (158kHz)(1.57) =248kHz

enBB = (eBB)(√BWn)
enBB = (5nV/√Hz)(√248kHz) = 2490nV rms

1/f Voltage Noise Component:

e1/f@1Hz = (e1/f@f)(√f)
e1/f@1Hz = (50nV/√Hz)(√1Hz) = 50nV

en1/f = (e1/f@1Hz)(√[ln(fH/fL)]) Use fH = BWn

en1/f = (50nV)(√[ln(248kHz/1Hz)]) = 176nV rms

Total Voltage Noise (referred to the input of the amplifier):

enT = √[(en1/f)2 + (enBB)2]
enT = √[(176nV rms)2 + (2490nV rms)2] = 2496nV rms
30 of 78
 Example Current Noise Calculation

Note: This example amp doesn’t have 1/f component for current noise.

en-in= (in)x(Req) en-out= Gain x (in)x(Req)

R1 1k Rf 3k

Gain
IOP1
fA - VF1
U2
* + Req = R1 || Rf

31 of 78
 Example Current Noise Calculation

Broadband Current Noise Component:

BWn ≈ (fH)(Kn)
BWn ≈ (158kHz)(1.57) =248kHz

inBB = (iBB)(√BWn)
inBB = (2.5fA/√Hz)(√248kHz) = 1.244pA rms

Req = Rf || R1 = 100k || 1k = 0.99k

eni = (In)( Req) = (1.244pA)(0.99k) = 1.23nV rms neglect

Since the Total Voltage noise is envt = 2496nV rms

the current noise can be neglected.

32 of 78
Resistor Noise – Thermal Noise

The mean- square open- circuit voltage (e) across a resistor (R) is:

en = √ (4kTKRΔf) where:
TK is Temperature (ºK)
R is Resistance (Ω)
f is frequency (Hz)
k is Boltzmann’s constant
(1.381E-23 joule/ºK)
en is volts (VRMS)

To convert Temperature Kelvin to

TK = 273.15oC + TC

33 of 78
 Resistor Noise – Thermal Noise

Noise Spectral Density vs. Resistance

3
1  10
468.916 1000
Noise Spectral Density vs. Resistance

en density = √ (4kTKR) 3
1 10
468.916
100

 23   ( 25  273.15 )  X 9
nV/rt-Hz

0  10

0
 23   ( 125  273.15 )  X  10
9
10
100

 4 1.3806510 23
 ( 25 273.15)  X   10
9
0
 23   (  55  273.15 )  X  10
9  
25C
 4 1.3806510 23
 ( 125 273.15)  X   10
9
  10
1 125C
 4 1.3806510 23  9
   (  55 273.15)  X   10
-55C
1
0.347 0.1
3 4 5 6 7
10 100 1  10 1  10 1  10 1  10 1  10
10 X 7
10
Resistance (Ohms)
0.347 0.1
10
10
34 of 78
Example Resistor Noise Calculation

enr = √(4kTKRΔf)
where:
R = Req = R1||Rf
Δf = BWn
enr = √(4 (1.38E-23)
( (273 + 25) (0.99k)(248kHz))
(0.99k)( = 2010nV rms
en-in= √(4kTRΔf) en-out= Gain x (√(4kTRΔf))
f)
* U1

* U1
R2R1
1k R1Rf2k
Gain
nV

nV

IOP1
- VF1
Req = R1 || Rf
+
*

35 of 78
Total Noise Calculation

Voltage Noise From Op-Amp RTI:

env = 2510nV rms

Current Noise From Op-Amp RTI (as a voltage):

eni = 1.24nV rms

Resistor Noise RTI:

enr = 2020nV rms

Total Noise RTI:

en in = √((2510nV)2 + ((1.2nV)2 + ((2010nV)2) = 3216nV rms

Total Noise RTO:

en out = en in x gain = (3216nV)(101) = 325uV rms

36 of 78
 Calculating Noise Vpp from Noise Vrms

Relation of Peak-to-Peak Value of AC Noise Voltage to rms Value

Peak-to-Peak Probability of Having

Amplitude a Larger Amplitude

2 X rms 32%
3 X rms 13%
4 X rms 4.6%
5 X rms 1.2%
6 X rms * 0.3%
6.6 X rms 0.1%

*Common Practice is to use:

Peak-to-Peak Amplitude = 6 X rms

37 of 78
Voltage Noise (f = 0.1Hz to 10Hz)  Low Frequency

Low frequency noise spec and curve:

Over specific frequency range:
0.1Hz < f < 10Hz
Given as Noise Voltage in pp units
Measured After Bandpass Filter:
0.1Hz Second−Order High−Pass
10Hz Fourth−Order Low−Pass

38 of 78
Frequency Response
Specifications
Open Loop Gain (Aol) & Phase
Slew Rate (SR)
Total Harmonic Distortion + Noise (THD+N)
Settling Time (ts)

39 of 78
 Open Loop Gain & Phase

Open-Loop Voltage Gain at DC

Linear operation conditions NOT the same as Voltage Output Swing to Rail

Gain-Bandwidth Product = UGBW

(Unity Gain Bandwidth)
G=1 Stable Op Amps

5.5MHz

40 of 78
Vout/Vin: R2 9k
Gain Accuracy & Frequency Response
Real Op Amp
R3 1k
-
Vout
+

+
Vin

fcl
1/Beta Aol at any Frequency:
Aol_f = UGBW / f

Vout/Vin Aol @ 1kHz = 5.5MHz / 1kHz = 5500

Aol @ 1kHz = 20LOG10(5500) = 74.8dB

Gain Accuracy at any frequency:

Vout/ Vin Frequency Response
Frequency of analysis for Gain Accuracy = 1kHz
1/ = 10
20LOG10(10) = 20dB Aol
Vout / Vin =
1+Aol
Aol Vout / Vin = 5500 / (1+ 5500  0.1)
Vout / Vin = Vout/ / Vin = 9.98185
1+Aol
fcl is w here Aol = 1 Vout / Vin ideal = 10
f > fcl: Loop Gain < 1 so Vout/Vin = Aol Gain Error = ((10 - 9.98185) / 10)  100 = 0.18%

41 of 78
 Slew Rate Measurement:
Slew Rate 10% to 90% of Vout

42 of 78
Slew Rate &
Full Power Bandwidth
or
Maximum Output Voltage vs Frequency

Maximum Rate of change of sinew ave is at zero cross

Highest Frequency Op Amp can track sinew ave limited by:
Frequency, Output Voltage, Slew Rate
Given Slew Rate = 2V/us
SR (V/us) = 2fVop(1e-6) What is max f for sinew ave of 2.5Vpp?
w here:
SR = Slew Rate in V/us SR (V/us) = 2fVop(1e-6)
f = frequency of interest 2 = 2f(2.5Vpp/2)(1e-6)
Vop = Vout peak voltage Solving for f:
fmax = 254.6kHz

43 of 78
THD + Noise

Larger Closed Loop Gain  Loop

Gain to correct for Op Amp
Non-Linearities and Noise

44 of 78
THD + Noise = 1% Example

Fundamental f = Input Frequency

Fundamental f = 99% Vout Amplitude
Harmonics due to Op Amp non-linearities
Noise due to Op Amp Input Noise (en, in)

Harmonics + Noise < 1% of Vout

45 of 78
Settling Time

Slew
Rate

Note: Settling Time includes Slew Rate time

46 of 78
Settling Time

Settling Time
Large Signal effects:
Slew Rate

Small Signal effects

Large Gain = Less closed loop Bandwidth
Large Gain = Less Loop Gain (AolB) to correct for errors
Large Gain = Longer Settling Time

47 of 78
Output Specifications
Voltage Output Swing from Rail
Short Circuit Current (Isc)
Open Loop Output Impedance (Zo)
Closed Loop Output Impedance (Zout)
Capacitive Load Drive

48 of 78
 Voltage Output
Swing From Rail
Loaded Vout swing from Rail 2 1
Higher Current Load  Farther from Rail
Higher Current Load  Larger Vsat
Vsat = Vs - Vout

+25C Curve:
Op Amp Aol is degraded if on curve 1
Op Amp Aol is okay if left of curve 2

49 of 78
 Short Circuit Current (Isc)

Output shorted  Current Limit engaged

For Graph shown TJ max is okay
If using larger voltages (i.e. +5V, Gnd)
use Short-Circuit Current values
& analyze power dissipation and TJ max

50 of 78
Open Loop Output Impedance (Zo)
Closed Loop Output Impedance (Zout)
Capacitive Load Drive

51 of 78
Op Amp Model for Derivation of ROUT
Definition of Terms:
RO = Op Amp Open Loop Output Resistance
ROUT = Op Amp Closed Loop Output Resistance
ROUT = RO / (1+Aolβ)

RF

RI RO VOUT
-IN

-
xAol +
RDIFF VO
VFB VE
IOUT
-
+ 1A
+IN
Op Amp Model

From: Frederiksen, Thomas M. Intuitive Operational Amplifiers. ROUT = VOUT/IOUT

McGraw-Hill Book Company. New York. Revised Edition.
1988.

52 of 78
ROUT vs RO

• RO does NOT change when Closed Loop feedback is used

• ROUT is the effect of RO, Aol, and β controlling VO

– Closed Loop feedback (β) forces VO to increase or decrease
as needed to accommodate VO loading
– Closed Loop (β) increase or decrease in VO appears at VOUT as
a reduction in RO
– ROUT increases as Loop Gain (Aolβ) decreases

Note: Some op amps have ZO characteristics other than pure

resistance (RO) – consult data sheet / manufacturer.

53 of 78
 RO & CL: Modified Aol Model

RI RF

100k 100k

OPA452
-
- RO
VOUT
+ 28.7
CL
ol

Extra Pole in Aol Plot due to RO & CL:

+ t a S he et A 1F

Da
+
fpo1 = 1/(2∙П∙RO∙CL)
VIN
fpo1 = 1/(2∙П∙28.7Ω∙1μF)
-
fpo1 = 5.545kHz
Create a new “Modified Aol” Plot

54 of 78
 RO & CL: OPA542 Modified Aol First Order

120
OPA452
Aol
100

80

60
Gain (dB)

fpo1
40 STABLE
40dB/Decade
Rate-Of-Closure
20 fcl
1/

-20 Modified Aol

due to CL

-40

-60
1 10 100 1K 10K 100k 1M 10M
Frequency (Hz)

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Zo (Open Loop Output Impedance)
Cap Load Drive

As Cap Load increases Loop Gain Phase

Margin decreases and we see the
transient response for Cap Load
increase in overshoot for OPA376

OPA376 and many other Single Supply

Op Amps Open Loop Output
Impedance is not Purely Resistive

For about 500pF Load Capacitance

Small-Signal Overshoot is 50%

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2nd Order Transient Curves

Publishing Company. Reading, Massachusetts. Third Edition, 1981.

From: Dorf, Richard C. Modern Control Systems. Addison-Wesley

Signal overshoot of 50% or normalized

signal output of 1.5 yields a Damping
ratio ( ) of 0.2

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2nd Order Damping Ratio vs Phase Margin
Publishing Company. Reading, Massachusetts. Third Edition, 1981.
From: Dorf, Richard C. Modern Control Systems. Addison-Wesley

Damping ratio ( ) of 0.2 yields 23.5 degrees

of phase margin for AC Loop Stability

o
23.5

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Closed Loop
Output Impedance
Closed Loop Output impedance gives an
indication of what source impedance
the closed loop op amp will have to
drive loads over frequency
For Bipolar, Emitter-Follower Output Op
amps like OPA177, open loop output
impedance = RO (purely resistive
inside UGBW)
Since ROUT = RO/(1+Aol) and RO is
resistive ROUT looks opposite of Aol
and increase at higher frequencies
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Power Supply Specifications

Specified Voltage Range (VS)

Operating Voltage Range (VS)
Quiescent Current (IQ)

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Specified and Operating Voltage Range (VS)

For 2.2V < VS < 5.5V data sheet

specifications will be met

For 2 < VS < 2.2V the op amp will still

function but all data sheet
specifications may not be met
i.e. Output Swing to Rail, Aol, etc may be
degraded

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Quiescent Current (IQ)

+Vs

IQ

+
+
Real Op Amp Vout
-

IQ

-Vs

Quiescent Current:
Supply Current to operate the op amp
Does NOT include load current

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Temperature Range
Specifications
Specified Range
Operating Range
Thermal Resistance (JA)

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Specified and Operating Temperature Range

For -40C < TA < +125C data sheet

specifications will be met

For +125C < TA < +150C the op amp will still

function but all data sheet
specifications may not be met
i.e. Output Swing to Rail, Aol, etc may be
degraded

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Thermal Resistance (JA)

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Thermal Resistance (JA)

JA will be used with ambient

temperature TA and internal
total power dissipation PD to
compute maximum op amp
junction temperature TJ

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Thermal Model
PD = PIQ + POUT
PD = Total Power Dissipated
PIQ = Power Dissipated due to IQ
POUT = Power Dissipated in Output Stages

Thermal model with no heat sink

TJ
Analogous to an electrical circuit
RθJA
PD TJ= PD( RθJA) + TA
T – is analogous to voltage
R – is analogous to resistance
TA
TA P – is analogous to current

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IQ Power Dissipation (PIQ)

+Vs PIQ = [+Vs - (-Vs) ]  IQ

IQ

+
+
Real Op Amp Vout
-

IQ

-Vs

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DC Normal Maximum Power Dissipation in Output Stage (POUT)

+Vs 1
Vout =  Vs
IQ 2
Real Op Amp
+ Iout_DC
+
Vout
Vin -
2
IQ
Vs
RL POUT_DC =
4  RL
-Vs

RI RF

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DC Short Circuit Maximum Power Dissipation in Output Stage (POUT)

+Vs POUT_SHORT = Vs  Isc

IQ
Real Op Amp
+ Isc
+
+

VF1
VG1 -

IQ

-Vs

RI RF

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AC Normal Maximum Power Dissipation in Output Stage (POUT)
For AC Sinusoidal Signals +Vs

IQ

2 Real Op Amp
2  Vs 2  Vs +
+ Iout_AC

+
Vout
Vout peak = POUT_AC = Vin -
2
   RL IQ
RL

-Vs

Pc(Push-Pull) vs Vload for an AC Sinusoidal Signal

RI RF
0.3
P(Push Pull Output Transistors)

0.25

0.2
2
0.15 2  Vs
POUT_AC =
2
0.1 2  Vs   RL
Vout peak =

0.05

0
0 1 2 3 4 5
V(load) peak AC Sinusoidal Voltage

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AC Normal Maximum Power Dissipation in Output Stage (POUT)
For AC Sinusoidal Signals AC Maximum Power Dissipation Formula
based on symmetrical dual supplies
Vcc 5 Vcc
To use formula for single supply circuits
IQ set +Vs = +(Vcc/2) and -Vs = -(Vcc/2)
Real Op Amp
as shown.
+ Iout_AC
+
+

Vout
Vin -

IQ
RL

+Vs 2.5

IQ +Vs = (Vcc/2)
Real Op Amp
RI RF +
+ Iout_AC

+
Vout
Vin -

IQ
RL
2
2  Vs -Vs 2.5
POUT_AC =
2
  RL RI RF

-Vs = -(Vcc/2)

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Absolute Maximum Rating

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Absolute Maximum Rating

For Long-Term Reliable Operation use Op Amp below the Absolute Maximum Ratings
Heat is semiconductor’s worst enemy – Keep TJ at least 25C less than TJ Max
For this op amp be sure to limit current into the input terminals to 10mA during electrical
overstress conditions.

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Op Amp Selection Tip

75 of 78
Choosing an Op Amp?
Focus on Key Concerns for Application to Narrow Search
Voltage? Current? Speed?

Cu Supply Current?
rre Output Current?
n t? Input Bias Current?

-
SSBW @ G=?
Speed?
Slew Rate?
SR(V/us)=2pifVOP1e-6
where: f=Hz

+ e ?
o l tag Supply Voltage?
Input Offset Voltage?
V Output Swing Voltage?

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References

77 of 78
 References
Jim Karki, Senior Applications Engineer, Texas Instruments
“Understanding Operational Amplifier Specifications” White Paper: SLOA011

John Brown, Strategic Marketing Engineer (Retired), Texas Instruments

“How to Use TI/BB Data Sheet Specs for Op Amps and IAs” Internal White Paper

Art Kay, Senior Applications Engineer, Texas Instruments

“Analysis and Measurement of Intrinsic Noise in Op Amp Circuits: Parts 1-7”
http://www.en-genius.net/site/zones/audiovideoZONE/technical_notes/avt_022508

Tim Green, Senior Applications Engineer, Texas Instruments

“Operational Amplifier Stability: Parts 1-9 of 15”
http://www.en-genius.net/site/zones/acquisitionZONE/technical_notes/acqt_121106

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