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Ferrous Casting

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Bambang Suharno

Kuliah Pembentukan Logam

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department


University of Indonesia
Semester Ganjil 2017-2018
Ferrous Casting
University of
Indonesia
(sand mold, investment/ceramic mold)
 Cast Iron
 Carbon Steel Casting
 Alloy Steel Casting (Fe based Alloy)
 Corrosion Resistant Steel Casting
 Wear Resistant Steel Casting
 Heat Resistant Steel Casting

 Super Alloy Casting


 Nickel based Alloy Casting
 Cobalt based Alloy Casting
Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI
Ferrous Casting
University of
Indonesia

0.1 – 0.25 %

0.25 – 0.55 %

0.6 – 0.8 %

0.8 – 1.2 % C

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


Aplikasi Beberapa Produk Cast Iron
University of
Indonesia
(Besi Tuang)

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


University of
Indonesia

©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

Figure 12.33 The iron-carbon phase diagram showing the


relationship between the stable iron-graphite equilibria (solid
lines) and the metastable iron-cementite reactions (dashed
lines).

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


University of
Perbedaan Baja vs Besi
Indonesia

 C<2%  C>2%
 Dipukul nyaring  Dipukul tidak nyaring
 C terikat/ larut  C bebas sebagai
membentuk fasa alpha/ Graphyt
Fe3C lamel  T peleburan 1300–1400
 T peleburan > 1550OC OC

 Kekuatan dan Ductility  Kekuatan dan Ductility


tinggi rendah
 Bisa ditempa  Tidak bisa ditempa
 Geram panjang-panjang  Geram pendek/putus
 Bunga api sedikit  Bunga api banyak
cabang warna kuning cabang warna merah
Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI
University of
Besi Tuang (Cast Iron)
Indonesia

 Lebih Murah dari Baja (Biaya Produksi lebih


rendah dan peralatan lebih sederhana)
 Temperatur Lebur Rendah (1140-12000C)
 Kemampuan Cor Tinggi (Casting ability)
 Mudah Permesinan
 Tahan Aus (wear resistance)
 “Damping Capacity” Tinggi

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


Damping Capasity (Kemampuan material
University of meredam getaran (adsorb vibration) = tidak meneruskan getaran
Indonesia

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


University of
Tipe Besi Tuang
Indonesia

1. White Cast Iron


2. Grey Cast Iron (FC)
terbanyak
3. Mallable Cast Iron
4. Ductile Cast Iron (FCD)
5. Austempered Ductile Iron
(ADI)
Matrix: Ferritic, pearlitic,
austenitic, martensitic,
bainitic (austempered).
Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI
University of
Indonesia

©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

Figure 12.32 Schematic drawings of the five types of cast


iron: (a) gray iron, (b) white iron, (c) malleable iron, (d)
ductile iron, and (e) compacted graphite iron.

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


University of
Komposisi Kimia Besi Tuang
Indonesia

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


University of
Besi Tuang Kelabu
Indonesia

 Komposisi Besi Tuang


Utama : Fe (besi)
Paduan : C (karbon) = 2.75 – 4.00%
Si (silikon) = 0.75 – 3.00%
Mn (mangan) = 0.25 – 1.50%
P (posfor) = 0.02 – 0.75%
S (sulfur) = 0.02 – 0.2%

 Carbon Equivelent :
CE (%) = C (%) + 0,33 (Si + P) %
Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI
University of
CE vs Tensile Strength
Indonesia

Jumlah grafit semakin banyak, sifat mekanis semakin rendah


Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI
University of
Indonesia

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


University of
Indonesia

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


University of
Besi Tuang Kelabu (Grey Cast Iron)
Indonesia

Class Symbol UTS Hardness


(kg/mm2) (HB)
Class 1 FC 10 10 min 201 max

Class 2 FC 15 15 min 212 max

Class 3 FC 20 20 min 223 max

Class 4 FC 25 25 min 241 max

Class 5 FC 30 30 min 262 max

Class 6 FC 35 35 min 277 max


Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI
Besi Tuang Mallable (Mampu Tempa)
University of
Indonesia

 Grafit berbentuk kapas / aggregat.


 Hasil temper besi cor putih (waktu
lama = 50 jam)
 Fe3C  3 Fe + C grafit pada 950 oC
 Temper grafit hasil cor (merubah
struktur Fe3C = temper grafit)

 Kadar Si rendah, cegah timbul grafit


 UTS : 40 – 47 Kg/mm2
Yield : 28 – 30 Kg/mm2
Regangan : 15 – 20 %
Kekerasan : 135 – 155 HB

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


University of
Indonesia

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


Besi Tuang Nodular (FCD) 1948
University of
Indonesia
Kekuatan = 45 - 55 kg/mm2
Elongasi = 3 – 20 %
Tergantung :
1. Nodularity grafit
2. Jumlah nodul/mm2
3. Komposisi Matriks
(ferrite/pearlite)
4. Mg : 0,040 – 0,080 %
menyebabkan grafit berubah
menjadi bulat
S < 0,010 %,
diatas nilai ini akan bereaksi dulu
dengan Mg, kemudian baru Mg
berfungsi sebagai noduliser.

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


University of
Indonesia

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


University of
Indonesia

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI)
University of
Indonesia
 Besi Cor Austemper (FCA) 1970-
an
 Besi cor grafit bulat dengan
matriks ausferit (ferit + austenit)
- ferit berbentuk jarum
 kekuatan
-austenit
 keuletan
  mencapai > 100kg/mm2 :
ferit jarum
 = 4–7%:
austenit
 Aplikasi : pengganti komponen
baja cor/tempa

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


University of
Austempered Ductile Iron
Indonesia

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


University of
Proses Austemper
Indonesia

Isothermal transf = 300 – 400 oC

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


University of
Austempered Ductile Iron
Indonesia

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


Compacted Grafit (Vermicular Grafit)
University of
Indonesia

 Bentuk grafit : pita pendek yang tebal


yang tak teratur, seperti cacing
 Sifat mekanis antara BTK dan BTN
 Mg = 0,013 – 0,022 %
S = 0,008 – 0,017 %
 Sifat mekanis : tergantung matriks (perlit)
 max = 30 - 40 kg/mm2
 = 2 - 5%
 Aplikasi : komponen otomotiv
alat hydraulis, permesinan dan lain-lain

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


University of
Sifat Mekanik Berbagai Besi Tuang
Indonesia

UTS (Kg/mm2) Elongasi (%)

Grey Cast Iron(FC) 10 – 35 <1

Mallable Cast Iron 40 – 47 15 – 20

Nodular Cast Iron 45 – 55 3 – 20


(FCD)
Austempered > 100 4–7
Ductile Iron (ADI)
Vermicular Cast 30 - 40 2-5
Iron
Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI
Properties and Applications of Cast
University of
Indonesia
Irons

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


Grey Cast Iron Defects
University of
Indonesia

 Hydrogen Pinholes
 Nitrogen Blowholes
 Carbon Monoxide Blowholes
 Shrinkage
 Inklusi Slag
 Inklusi Pasir

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


Hydrogen Pinholes
University of
Indonesia

Contoh porositas hidrogen yang ditemukan Close-up dari hydrogen pinhole


pada saat permesinan. menunjukkan inner graphite lining.

•Kandungan Al dan Ti yang tinggi menyebabkan reaksi dengan


kelembaban dari pasir cetak, peralatan basah atau refraktori basah
• Pinhole dicegah atau dikurangi dengan membatasi kandungan
Al < 200 ppm dan meminimalkan Ti

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


Nitrogen Blowholes
University of
Indonesia

Contoh cacat porositas nitrogen yang Close-up dari cacat menunjukkan flake
ditemukan pada saat permesinan. depleted rim.

• Berasal dari resin


bonded core atau material cetakan.
• Membatasi kandungan nitrogen < 80 ppm (coran sedang-besar)
< 120 ppm pada bagian tipis

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


Carbon Monoxide Blowholes
University of
Indonesia

Contoh slag blowhole di


dalam besi tuang kelabu

Terjadi reaksi metal/slag sebagai berikut;


MeO + C = Me + CO
Karenanya Ladle harus benar benar
kosong/ bersih sebelum dituang yang baru
(agar bebas slag)

Close-up dari cacat


menunjukkan slag cluster.

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


Shrinkage
University of
Indonesia

Overview of the position of the shrinkage.


The defect was revealed after machining and
was located in the centre of the casting
section with T-shape

Close-up of the shrinkage


showing dendrites and metallic
surface.

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


University of
Inklusi Slag
Indonesia

Example of grey iron slag inclusion cluster. Close-up of slag cluster showing various
phases.

• Inklusi slag ditemukan di permukaan atau didalam benda cor


• Penyebab: pemisahan slag – logam cair yang tidak baik
• Adanya pembentukan slag di dalam ladle penuangan atau
ladle transfer.
Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI
Inklusi Pasir
University of
Indonesia

Example of grey iron slag inclusion cluster. Close-up of slag cluster showing various
phases.

Penyebab:
• pasir yang rontok di sekitar downsprue
• erosi pasir jika logam sedang dituangkan. Sudut-sudut tajam juga
penyebab umum dari erosi pasir.
•Hindari turbulensi berlebih ketika penuangan
Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI
Nodular Cast Iron Defects
University of
Indonesia

Jenis Cacat yang


umum pada DCI
Cacat terkait bentuk & Cacat Terkait Inklusi di
Shrinkage ukuran nodule matriks

Penggunaan Contohnya:
Inokulan dan compacted graphite
Contohnya:
Noduliser yang structures, exploded flake graphite
tidak tepat ditambah and chunky surfaces, slag
tekanan saat graphite, graphite inclusions,
mengeluarkan floatation, spiky carbides dan
komponen yang graphite and nodule
terlalu cepat alignment.
gas.
Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI
University of
Penyusutan (Shrinkage)…
Indonesia

Sekitar 50% cacat


shrinkage terkait dengan
Casting Design.

50% yang lain bisa


dikarenakan faktor-faktor
metalurgis seperti carbon
equivalent, temperature,
Typical sub-surface shrinkage defect inoculation atau high
with dendrite arms partly covered
magnesium residuals.
with graphite sticking out.

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


Cacat-cacat terkait bentuk dan
University of
Indonesia
ukuran nodule

Compacted Exploded
Graphite Graphite

Chunky
Graphite Graphite
Flotation

Nodule
Spiky
Alignment
Graphite

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


Compacted graphite (CG) dalam
University of
Indonesia
Matriks…

Penyebab:
• Proses nodularisasi yang
rusak sebagian.
• Penggunaan nodulariser
yang salah
• waktu tahan yang lama di
dalam ladle
• Temperatur tuang yang Sample with compacted graphite
present in the matrix due to
berlebih
partly failed nodularisation
process.

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


University of
Jumlah nodul rendah (Low nodule count)
Indonesia

Jumlah nodul yang rendah


cenderung sebagai fungsi
dari inokulan.

Menghindari waktu tahan


yang lama di dalam dapur
akan menghasilkan jumlah
low nodule count due to long pouring
nodul yang konsisten
time

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


University of
Exploded graphite…
Indonesia

Kehadiran Logam tanah jarang


memberikan kontribusi dalam
pengaruh magnesium, dalam jumlah
yang berlebih akan mengakibatkan
terbentuknya exploded graphite.

Sample with exploded graphite


present due to excess
concentration of rare earth
metals.

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


University of
Chunky graphite…
Indonesia

Penyebab chunky graphite


umumnya serupa dengan
exploded graphite, chunky
graphite juga terdapat
pada daerah yang tipis
Sample with chunky graphite present
due to excess concentration of rare
earth metals.

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


University of
Graphite floatation
Indonesia

 Nodule, dengan berat jenis yang


lebih rendah dari matriks, cenderung
untuk ke permukaan dan pada
akhirnya akan berakibat pada
penurunan sifat mekanis.

 Menurunkan karbon eqivalen akan


membantu mengendalikan hal ini
 Juga dengan menurunkan
temperatur pouring atau dengan
meningkatkan kecepatan Sample with graphite floatation
pendinginan dengan menggunakan present due to high carbon
chill.
equivalent.

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


University of
Nodule alignment
Indonesia

 Hal ini disebabkan oleh


pertumbuhan dendrit yang
besar selama proses
pembekuan dengan nodule
yang mengendap diantara
lengan – lengan dendrit.
Dengan demikian munculah
nodule – nodule yang berjajar
(align)

Sample with nodule alignment  Penyebab umumnya


caused by large dendrites disebabkan oleh karbon
growing during the eqivalen yang rendah
solidification with the nodules sehingga tidak cukup grafit
being precipitated between the yang mengendap selama
dendrite arms. pembekuan, atau temperatur
pouring yang terlalu tinggi.
Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI
University of
Spiky graphite
Indonesia

 The use of a rare earth-free


nodulariser where traces of the
deleterious elements are present
results in spiky graphite.
 The effect of spiky graphite is a
dramatic reduction in the
mechanical properties of the iron,
the spikes provide points of
weakness in the structure.

Sample with spiky graphite


present in the matrix due to too
elevated level of Pb.

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


Alloy Steel Casting

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Bambang Suharno

Kuliah Pembentukan Logam

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department


University of Indonesia
Semester Ganjil 2017-2018
Alloy Steel Casting Product
University of
Indonesia

Wear Resistances Part


Valves

Impellers Flanges Precision Casting


Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI
University of
Cetakan Untuk Alloy Steel Casting
Indonesia

 Lost Wax (Investment Casting)


 Sand Casting
 CO2 Sand Casting

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


University of
Cetakan dengan cara CO2
Indonesia

Bahan pengikat : Natrium silikat /air kaca(Na2O.SiO2.xH2O)

Proses :
.
 Pasir silikat dengan Natrium Silikat dicampur 
cetakan dibuat dari campuran ini dengan tangan
atau mesin. Tidak diperlukan tekanan/panas
 Cetakan, dengan Natrium Silikat sebagai bahan
pengikat mempunyai mampu ambruk (collapability)
yang buruk, karena pembongkaran menjadi sukar

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


University of
Pembuatan Dies (Cetakan Lilin)
Indonesia

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


University of
Cetakan untuk Lilin/ Pola
Indonesia

51
Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI
University of
Hasil Pola Wax Setelah Assembling
Indonesia

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


University of
Perakitan Lilin
Indonesia

53
Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI
Bubur Slurry
University of
Indonesia

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


University of
Pencelupan Keramik
Indonesia

55
Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI
University of
Poses Pelapisan Keramik
Indonesia

56
Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI
Pengeringan Slurry
University of
Indonesia

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


Autoclove (untuk dewaxing)
University of
Indonesia

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


Pengeringan ProsesPelapisan Keramik
University of
Indonesia

59
Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI
University of
Cetakan Keramik
Indonesia

60
Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI
Mould Sintering Oven &
University of
Indonesia

61
Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI
University of
Proses Peleburan
Indonesia

62
Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI
University of
Proses Blasting
Indonesia

63
Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI
University of
Proses Polishing
Indonesia

64
Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI
University of
Produk Investment Casting
Indonesia

65
Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI
Stainless Steel (Corrosion Resistant)
University of
Indonesia
Casting

 Casting Product
 Impeller, Flange,
Valve

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


University of
Penggunaan Stainless Steel
Indonesia

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


University of
Indonesia

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


Wear Resistant Steel Casting
University of
Indonesia

JENIS MATERIAL
 MANGANESE STEEL
 HIGH-CHROMIUM WHITE IRON
 Ni-HARD

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


Klasifikasi Baja Mangan
University of
Indonesia Komposisi standar Baja Mangan Austenitik

1.10%C, 13.0%Mn, 0.55%Si, 1.70% Cr, 0.04%S, 0.04%P


JIS ScMn H 11
Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI
University of
Baja Mangan Austenit
Indonesia Tahan gesek dan benturan

Dredge bucket
Hammer plate
Wear plate
Jaw crusher

Industri pemakai: Industri semen


Industri Pertambangan
Industri alat berat
Industri militer

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


University of
Ni-Hard
Indonesia Ni-Hard merupakan nama generik untuk keluarga besi
tuang putih yang dipadukan dengan nikel dan chromium
yang memberikan kekerasan (hardness) yang tinggi dan
ketahanan yang luar biasa terhadap abrasi.

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


Penggunaan Ni Hard
University of
Indonesia

media grinding

coal crusher

Ni-Hard 4 untuk slurry pump


casing dan runner/ impeller

Slurry pump impellers dari Ni-Hard 1

Beberapa coran Ni-Hard 1, digunakan


pada pemrosesan agregat, slag and
glass crushing mill, mesin pipa
beton, dan pertanian Pompa slurry dari Ni-Hard 2

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


University of
Shot Blast Blade (Fe-3C-27Cr )
Indonesia

 Shot Blast Machine


Part in Automotive
Industry
 Fe-3C-27Cr (Heat
Treated)
 High Chromium
White Iron
 Wear Resistant
Casting Materials

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


Grinding Ball
University of (White Cast Iron
Indonesia
Fe-3C-27Cr )

Hasil Shot
Hasil Shake Out Blasting
Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI
University of
Heat Resistant Steel Casting
Indonesia

 Material yang cenderung stabil pada


temparatur tinggi (diatas 650 oC) dalam
waktu lama
 Stabil secara dimensi, kekuatan mekanik dan
sifat kimia
 Ditandai dengan persentasi kandungan Nikel
dan Chrom yang tinggi
 Fasa yang diinginkan : full Austenite +
karbida

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


Aplikasi Heat Resistant Steel
University of
Indonesia
 Metal Treatment Furnace
 Gas Turbines
 Aircraft Engines
 Military Equipment
 Oil Refinery Furnace
 Cement Mill Equipment
 Petrochemicals Furnaces
 Chemical Process Equip.
 Power Plant Equip.
 Steel Mill Equip
 Equip. in manufacturing glass & syntetics rubber
Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI
Heat Resistant Steel Casting
University of
Indonesia

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


Burner Tips
University of
Indonesia

 Material HK 40
 Heat Resistant
Casting Materials
 Burners Part in
Cements Industry

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


Fixture Tray/ Basket
University of
Indonesia
Tray merupakan keranjang/wadah untuk menempatkan produk
manufaktur yang akan dikenai proses perlakuan panas (heat
treatment)

Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI


University of
Produk Casting (Heat Resistant)
Indonesia

SS 310 S, Berat 5 Kg,


Element Duct Burner

81
Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI
University of
Superalloys (Paduan Super)
Indonesia

 Merupakan material yang dikembangkan agar


memiliki kemampuan untuk mempertahankan
kekuatan dan keuletan pada temperatur tinggi ( >
650 ºC) untuk waktu yang lama, persyaratan sama
spt material tahan temp tinggi
 Material yg dikembangkan sekaligus untuk dapat
bertahan terhadap lingkungan korosi temperatur
tinggi (oksidasi, karburisasi, nitridasi, sulfidasi)
 Supperalloys berasal dari unsur golongan VIIIB dan
umumnya terdiri dari berbagai kombinasi Fe, Ni, Co
dan Cr, juga dalam jumlah yang lebih kecil W, Mo,
Ta, Nb, Ti dan Al.

82
Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI
University of
Indonesia

83
Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI
Turbin bucket Parameter operasi turbin gas
untuk 22 MW
University of
Indonesia Temperatur 567 - 1100°C
Tekanan 12 Bar
Speed 5100 rpm

Superalloy
Nickel base alloy
Cobalt base alloy
Fe-Ni base alloy

Turbin diaphragm
84
Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI
University of
Produk Casting (Corrosion Resistant)
Indonesia

Uranus S1
Material Tahan Asam
Nitrat, Temp tinggi

85
Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI
University of
Produk Casting (Corrosion Resistant)
Indonesia

Tahan Asam Phospat

86
Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI
University of
Produk Casting (Super Alloy)
Indonesia

Hastelloy C
15 Kg

87
Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI
University of
Produk Casting (Super Alloy)
Indonesia

Hastelloy X (Ni Based) Berat 24 Kg,


Shrout

88
Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI
University of
Produk Casting (Super Alloy)
Indonesia

Co Based Alloys ASM X 45, Berat 27 Kg

89
Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI
University of
Produk Casting (Super Alloy)
Indonesia

Liner Ruang Bakar Turbin Gas


Kapasitas 600 MW,
HASTELLOY X

90
Metallurgy and Materials Engineering Department UI

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