NON-

RENEWABLE
ENERGY
 NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY ARE ENERGY
FROM SOURCES THAT ARE LIMITED OR WILL
NOT BE REPLENISHED. ONCE THEY ARE USED
UP, THEY WILL NOT BE RESTORED (OR NOT
FOR MILLIONS OF YEARS).
THIS SOURCES OF ENERGY ARE NOT
ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY AS THEY CREATE
POLLUTION AND IS VERY DANGEROUS FOR
HUMAN HEALTH. NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY
RESOURCES INCLUDE FOSSIL FUELS AND
NUCLEAR POWER.
 FOSSIL FUELS
Fossil energy sources are non-renewable resources that
formed when prehistoric plants and animals died and were gradually
buried by layers of rock.
Over millions of years, different types of fossil fuels formed –
depending on what combination of organic matter was present, how
long it was buried and what temperature and pressure conditions
existed as time passed.

HOW DOES FOSSIL FUELS FORM?

For a fossil fuel to form, there are three important steps necessary:
accumulation of organic matter (animal or plant remains), preservation of organic
matter to prevent it from oxidizing (exclusion of air, for example, by being in the sea or
a swamp) and conversion of organic matter into a fossil fuel such as oil or natural
gas. This would typically occur due to the organic matter being covered by layers
of sediments, which increases pressure and heat (50–150°C).Fossil fuels are
described as non-renewable because it takes millions of years for this process to
occur.
 COAL
Coal is a fossil fuel created from
the remains of plants that lived and died
about 100 to 400 million years ago when
parts of the earth were covered with huge
swampy forests. Coal is classified as a
nonrenewable energy source because it
takes millions of years to form. Lignite Bituminous Anthracite
Sub-Bituminous

TYPES OF COAL
 Lignite - it contains 25%–35% carbon and has the lowest energy content of all coal ranks. Lignite coal
deposits tend to be relatively young and were not subjected to extreme heat or pressure.
 Sub-Bituminous - coal typically contains 35%–45% carbon, and it has a lower heating value than
bituminous coal. Most subbituminous coal is at least 100 million years old.
 Bituminous - coal contains 45%–86% carbon. It is intermediate in rank and sometimes called soft coal.
It appears smooth when you first see it, but look closer and you'll find it has many layers. It is the most
abundant kind of coal. It has a high heating value, but it also has a high sulfur content.
 Antharacite - contains 86%–97% carbon, and generally has the highest heating value of all ranks of
coal. It is very hard, deep black, and looks almost metallic because it is brilliantly glossy. Anthracite
burns longer, with more heat and with less dust and soot than other types of coal. The primary market
for anthracite is for heating homes.
 HOW DOES COAL FORM?
Time

Pressure

 Coal is formed when peat is altered physically and chemically. This process is called
"coalification." During coalification, peat undergoes several changes as a result of bacterial
decay, compaction, heat, and time.
 For the peat to become coal, it must be buried by sediment. Burial compacts the peat and,
consequently, much water is squeezed out during the first stages of burial. The gaseous
alteration products (methane is one) are typically expelled from the deposit, and the deposit
becomes more and more carbon-rich as the other elements disperse. The stages of this trend
proceed from plant debris through peat, lignite, sub-bituminous coal, bituminous coal, anthracite
coal, to graphite (a pure carbon mineral).
 Because of the amount of squeezing and water loss that accompanies the compaction of peat
after burial, it is estimated that it took 10 vertical feet of original peat material to produce 1
vertical foot of bituminous coal.
 CRUDE OIL
Oil is a non-renewable resource that builds
up in liquid form between the layers of the Earth’s
crust.
It is the world’s primary fuel source for
transportation. It is a liquid fossil fuel that can be dark
brown, yellow or even green.

HOW DOES OIL FORM?

All of the oil and gas we
use today began as
microscopic plants and
animals living in the ocean
millions of years ago. As
these microscopic plants
and animals lived, they
absorbed energy from the
sun, which was stored as
carbon molecules in their
bodies.
As they became buried ever
deeper, heat and pressure
began to rise. The amount of
pressure and the degree of
heat, along with the type of
biomass, determined if the
material became oil or natural
gas. More heat produced
lighter oil. Even higher heat or
biomass made predominantly
of plant material produced
natural gas.
After oil and natural gas were
formed, they tended to migrate
through tiny pores in the
surrounding rock. Some oil and
natural gas migrated all the way to
the surface and escaped. Other
oil and natural gas deposits
migrated until they were caught
under impermeable layers of rock
or clay where they were trapped.
These trapped deposits are where
we find oil and natural gas today.
 NATURAL GAS
Natural gasses gather below the Earth’s crust and it must be
drilled for and pumped out.
Natural gas consists mainly of methane, a compound with
one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms. Natural gas also contains
small amounts of hydrocarbon gas liquids and non-hydrocarbon gases.
We use natural gas as a fuel and to make materials and chemicals.

HOW DOES
OIL FORM?

Millions of years ago, the remains of plants and animals (diatoms) decayed and built up in thick layers,
sometimes mixed with sand and silt. Millions of years ago, the remains of plants and animals (diatoms) decayed
and built up in thick layers, sometimes mixed with sand and silt.
Surveying for natural gas reservoirs is similar to oil exploration. Once a natural gas field is found, the
drilling process is similar to oil. Gas can be piped from the source and stored for later use. Natural gas is used for
cooking and heating as well as making a number of products such as plastics, fertilizers and medicines.
 NUCLEAR ENERGY
Nuclear energy can be a renewable power
sources because it is clean-burning and therefore more
environmentally sound. But nuclear energy is, in fact, a
nonrenewable resource. The problem lies in the element that
enables nuclear power: uranium.
It does, however, produce radioactive waste, which
must be disposed of and which can cause problems for humans and
ecosystems for thousands of years. Additionally, accidents and leaks from
nuclear power plants can have catastrophic effects on the entire planet.

The material most often used in nuclear power

plants is the element uranium. Although uranium is found in
rocks all over the world, nuclear power plants usually use a
very rare type of uranium, U-235. Uranium is a non-renewable
resource.
HOW DOES NUCLEAR ENERGY WORK?
1. Nuclear reactor creates heat that is used to make steam
2. The steam turns a turbine connected to an electromagnet, called a generator
3. The generator produces electricity
 PROPANE
It is one of the liquefied petroleum gases (LPGs) that are
found mixed with natural gas and oil. Propane and other liquefied
gases, including ethane and butane, are separated from natural gas at
natural gas processing plants, or from crude oil at refineries. The
amount of propane produced from natural gas and from oil is roughly
equal.
Propane is created during natural gas and oil production. It is
a gas, but it can be made into a liquid to make it easier to transport.
Because it comes from two other non-renewable sources, propane itself
is non-renewable.

HOW DOES PROPANE WORK?

Propane is produced as a by-product of two other
processes, natural gas processing and petroleum
refining. The processing of natural gas involves
removal of butane, propane, and large amounts of
ethane from the raw gas, in order to prevent
condensation of these volatiles in natural gas
pipelines.
 SHALE OIL
Oil shale is sedimentary rock with very fine pores
that contain kerogen, a carbon-based, waxy substance. If
shale is heated to 490º C, the kerogen vaporizes and can
then be condensed as shale oil, a thick viscous liquid.
Production of shale oil requires large amounts of
energy for mining and processing the shale. Indeed about a
half barrel of oil is required to extract every barrel of shale
oil. These reserves alone could satisfy the world's oil needs
for about 100 years.
 HOW DOES OIL SHALE WORK?

Oil shale can be mined using one of two methods: underground mining using the
room-and-pillar method or surface mining.
After mining, the oil shale is transported to a facility for retorting, a heating process
that separates the oil fractions of oil shale from the mineral fraction.
After retorting, the oil must be upgraded by further processing before it can be sent to
a refinery, and the spent shale must be disposed of. Spent shale may be disposed of in surface
impoundments, or as fill in graded areas; it may also be disposed of in previously mined areas.
Eventually, the mined land is reclaimed. Both mining and processing of oil shale involve a variety
of environmental impacts, such as global warming and greenhouse gas emissions, disturbance
of mined land, disposal of spent shale, use of water resources, and impacts on air and water
quality
SOURCES:
 http://nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/non-renewable-energy/
 http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-non-renewable-resources.html
 http://www.energy.gov/science-innovation/energy-sources/fossil
 http://sciencelearn.org.nz/Contexts/Future-Fuels/Science-Ideas-and-Concepts/Non-
renewable-energy-sources
 http://lsa.colorado.edu/essence/texts/coal.html
 http://www.coaleducation.org/q&a/how_coal_formed.htm
 http://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.cfm/index.cfm?page=coal_home
 https://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/coalform.htm
 http://www.adventuresinenergy.org/What-are-Oil-and-Natural-Gas/How-Are-Oil-Natural-Gas-
Formed.html
 http://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.cfm/data/index.cfm?page=natural_gas_home
 http://homeguides.sfgate.com/examples-nonrenewable-resources-79605.html
 https://www.enec.gov.ae/learn-about-nuclear-energy/how-does-nuclear-energy-work/
 https://www.npga.org/files/public/Propane%20Prices%20What%20Consumers%20Should%
20Know.pdf
 http://archive.cnx.org/contents/84bae464-871c-46a2-92f0-5f06d02c2614@2/non-
renewable-energy-sources
 http://ostseis.anl.gov/guide/oilshale/