Concepts for

earthquake resistant
masonry
 STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS & MASONRY BUILDINGS

QUASI-STATIC RESONANT

Quasi static behaviour: fundamental frequency

of building is below the range of frequencies in
ground motion

Resonant behaviour: fundamental and other higher

frequencies of building are within the range of
frequencies in ground motion

Inertial behaviour: fundamental frequency of building

is above the range of ground frequencies

INERTIAL
 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

TYPE OF CRITERION
EQ.
MILD Frequent occurrence
NO STRUCTURAL DAMAGES
ADMISSIBLE, NON-STRUCTURAL
DAMAGES ALLOWED BUT REPAIRABLE
MODERATE May occur once during the life-time of a
structure
ALLOW MINOR BUT REPAIRABLE
STRUCTURAL DAMAGES
MAJOR Very rare possibility
MAJOR STRUCTURAL DAMAGE
ALLOWED, BUT STRUCTURE SHOULD
NOT COLLAPSE
Different ways of reinforcing masonry
BIS CODAL PROVISIONS: IS: 4326-1993

• HORIZONTAL RC BANDS AT LINTEL

AND ROOF LEVELS

• VERTICAL STEEL AT CORNERS,

JUNCTIONS AND DOOR & WINDOW
JAMBS
 I.I.Sc
CONTAINMENT REINFORCEMENT
• Should always be accompanied by horizontal
RC bands
• ‘Containment reinforcement’ is a vertical
reinforcement provided on both faces in a
parallel manner. It may be either on the surface
or hidden in 3.0 cm grooves beneath the surface
• It is generally provided every 1.0m in the
horizontal direction and also next to door and
window jambs
• It is not needed at corners ….
(a) Un-reinforced (b) core-reinforced (c)Containment
reinforcement
CONTAINMENT REINFORCEMENT
Ideal choice: Stainless steel flats and rods
Containment reinforcement in grooved blocks
• Reinforcement on both faces to be held
by ties going through the wall in
alternate courses or once in 3 courses
• Following materials are possible
 GI wire – 3.0 to 4.0 mm
 Corrosion resistant steel ~ 6.0mm
 Stainless steel – 3.0 to 4.0 mm
 Bamboo
 Timber
• Function is to prevent growth of
flexural cracks
• Experiments show good flexural
ductility
Testing of masonry beams with containment reinforcement
Masonry building with horizontal bands
and ‘Containment reinforcement’
Sill, lintel and roof band with vertical ‘containment
reinforcement’ for SMB building (Bhuj)
Sill level RC band and vertical containment
reinforcement
Plinth, sill, lintel
and roof bands,
ferro-cement roof
with containment
reinforcement
 Model
BeforeTest

Containment
reinforcement

After Test
 Full Scale Wall
BeforeTest

Containment
reinforcement

After Test
 Model
BeforeTest

Containment
reinforcement

After Test
 Shock table test results

Model Energy input Final state

Un-reinforced 135.0 Nm Collapse

Model with 671.0 Nm Partial collapse

horizontal bands
Model with 1967.0 Nm Not collapsed,
horizontal bands but with a
and ‘Containment number of
reinforcement’ cracks
THANK YOU