*

Lesson 36-37
Is the science of measurement
and description of features which
affect maritime navigation,
marine construction, dredging,
offshore oil exploration and
related activities and it is used to
describe maritime cartography.

*
*When locating soundings
for hydrographic survey,
the composition of the
boat party will depend
upon the survey method
used.
*
*
1. Chief of Party- the person who directs all
survey operations on the party.
2. Instrumentman- the person who is
responsible for setting up the instruments to
be used in the hydrographic survey.
3. Recorder- the person whose task is to record
all the survey data gathered.
4. Leadsman- handles the deadline or the
sounding rod.
5. Coxswain- responsible for steering the boat
selected compass bearings or ranges.
6. Lookout- in waters where are expected
dangers to navigation, lookout is employed.
7. Signalman- person who alert the shore party
that sounding is about to begin.
8. Fathometer Attendant- in deep water
surveys where a fathometer is employed, the
attendant focuses full attention on this
instrument.
*Are well-defined lines on courses
whose position are known and along
which soundings are taken. Each
range line is usually marked at both
ends by signals when shore or, by
bouys when in shallow water, or by a
combination of both.

*
A bouy is a floating object
anchored in place in a body of
water by a heavy weight to which
the bouy is attached by a rope or
chain.

*
The basic element of a hydrographic survey
is defined by the implemented sounding
operation. In order that measurements of
the depth of water may be useful, it is
important to know the accurate location of
the point at which the depths were
measured. The process of determining the
horizontal position of a measured depth
with respect to an established system of
horizontal control is called position fixing.

*
Methods used for location soundings
1. Time interval Along a Range line-
method of locating soundings by time
intervals along a range line generally
used when the required accuracy of the
survey is not high.
2. Range Line and an Angle from shore- a
method by a range line and an angle
from shore is commonly used on small
lakes or where range lines extend only to
relatively short distance towards the
water from the shore area.
3. Intersecting Range Lines- shown
if Fig. 36-4 are intersecting range
lines which could be used in locating
sounds. The fixed range lines are
located on shore and so laid out to
intersect at approximately right
angles. Signals are used to mark
each range line. In this method the
boat proceeds to the intersection of
any two range lines and soundings
are taken.
4. One Angle and Stadia Distance
from shore- This method of soundings
is performed in a manner similar to
that of stadia surveying. It is
convenient for surveys of small bodies
of water. The theodolite or transit is
set up on shore and the stadia rod
carried in a heavy flat-bottom boat.
The instrument observes the stadia
interval on the rod at the instant the
sounding is taken and also reads
corresponding bearing or azimuth
angle.
Lesson 37

1. Two Angles from Shore- A common

method of locating soundings to
observe directions to the boat
simultaneously from two
instrument stations. This method is
adapted when it is difficult to
establish range signals on shore.
2. Two Angles From Boat- In order that the
position of a boat used in sounding could be
located and plotted on a map, two angles
need to be simultaneously observed from
the boat to three fixed points on shore. This
method is an application of the three point
system. From the boat the two angles are
determined by sights to the three points. A
sextant is normally used since a boat is not
stable and steady enough to support a
transit or a theodolite.
3. Distance Along a Cross Rope or Wire-
Locating soundings stretching a
graduated wire or cross rope across a
narrow stream is method suitable for
surveying detailed cross-sections of
rivers and channels. The procedure,
which is sometimes called the “tag-line”
method, are very accurate but is more
expensive to undertake as compared to
locating soundings along range lines.
4. Direction and Vertical Angle- A convenient
method of locating soundings where there is a
cliff of high bluff is by observing
vertical(depression) angles with a transit or a
theodolite. This method, which is also known
as the “Norwegian Method,” is particularly
useful when the instrument used can be set up
at stations having a commanding view of the
lake. Soundings are located by observing the
azimuth of the boat and reading the vertical
angle to reference mark on it at the instant
depth measurement is taken by the boat
party. The horizontal distance from the inst.
To the boat is the product of the difference in
elevation between the instrument and boat
target and the cotangent of the vertical angle.