1

IPv4
▸ IPv4 explained and problem businesses facing
with IPv4

By Group 1
 About IPv4

• IPv4 is a connectionless protocol used for packet switched networks.

• Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) is the fourth revision of the Internet Protocol and a widely used protocol in
data communication over different kinds of networks.
• IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses for Ethernet communication in five classes: A, B, C, D and E. Classes A, B and
C have a different bit length for addressing the network host. Class D addresses are reserved for military
purposes, while class E addresses are reserved for future use.
• Pv4 uses 32-bit (4 byte) addressing, which gives 232 addresses. IPv4 addresses are written in the dot-
decimal notation, which comprises of four octets of the address expressed individually in decimal and
separated by periods, for instance, 192.168.1.5.

Breakdown of an IPv4 address

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Datagram

▸ Version Number: These 4 bits specify the IP protocol version of the datagram. By looking
at the version number, the router can determine how to interpret the remainder of the IP
datagram.
▸ Header Length: A 4-bit field containing the length of the IP header in 32-bit increments.
The minimum length of an IP header is 20 bytes, or five 32-bit increments. The maximum
length of an IP header is 24 bytes, or six 32-bit increments.
▸ Type of Service: The type of service (TOS) bits are included in the IPv4 header to allow
different types of IP datagrams. Higher the value of TOS greater is the priority
▸ Datagram Length: This is the total length of the IP datagram (header plus data), measured
in bytes. Since this field is 16 bits long, the theoretical maximum size of the IP datagram is
65,535 bytes. However, datagrams are rarely larger than 1,500 bytes.
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Problems faced by businesses

• Scarcity of IPv4 addresses : the 32 bit address space allows for 4294967296 IPv4
addresses. But the current allocation practises limits the number of available public
ipv4 addresses. Limited supply against increasing demand will increase the cost more
to acquire new addresses. For Example: Microsoft has run out of IPv4, therefore has
decided to shift to IPv6

• Security Related Issues : The problem of limited addresses was recognised in 1990s
and network address translation (NAT) which uses single IPv4 address for multiple
private IPs was introduced. NAT does not support security standards and can also
create problems when companies use same address to communicate.
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• Address Configuration Related Issues : Networks and internet is expanding and

many new computers are using IP addresses. The configuration of IP should be
simple which is not available with IPv4.

• Quality of service : IPv4 types of services has limited functionality and payload
identification is also not possible when IPv4 datagram package is encrypted

• Shift in the Industry towards IPv6 : IPv6 is the new technology and sooner or
later the world will permanently shifts to IPv6. To increaser the inter-operability, it is
necessary to shift to IPv6.
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Case Studies

Facebook
IPv4 was unable to handle the expected traffic.
Impact:
▸ Operational improvements and innovation in their software
▸ In May of 2018, they noted that their IPv6 traffic volume surpassed their IPv4 traffic volume for
the first time

Reliance Jio
Started deploying IPv6 after its local Internet registry ran out of IPv4 address space
Impact:
▸ Increase in operational efficiency as their principal content partners, Google, Akamai, and
Facebook, who deliver their content only using IPv6 in that network.
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Verizon Wireless
They found themselves spending effort and money on the resulting network complexity
Impact:
▸ IPv6 deployment was a solution that simplified their network and reduced the cost of operating
it.

Xavient Information Systems

Absence of seamless and transparent connectivity between the IPv4 and the external IPv6
network and shortage of address space in the IPv4 network.
Impact:
▸ They decided to employ IPv6.
Aarzoo Saiyad – 18020841146
Susmitha – 18020841164
Prajakta – 18020841163
Alakananda – 18020841149
Antara – 18020841051
Sajal- 18020841178
Ronak Bafna-18020841078
Pooja L- 18020841173
Krishnaa Suresh- 18020841108
Ankit Addya- 18020841050
Nitish Bakshi – 18020841067
Group 1
Puvail Bansal – 18020841073
Herat Joshi -18020841162
Sarthak Sharma – 18020841180
Rohan Bhaley -18020841098
Tushar Vishwakarma – 18020841206
Nimmi karn-18020841204
Tripti Shalini Xalxo-18020841207
Avani Singh – 1802084157
Manisha Aachra - 18020841018