Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
To all MBA
Students
from
Chanderpal Singh
{M.Com, MBA (Finance & Marketing}
BUSINESS STATISTICS & ANALYTICS
KMB104
COURSE OBJECTIVES
Meaning, Scope, functions and limitations of statistics, Measures of Central tendency – Mean, Median, Mode, Quartiles, Measures of Dispersion – Range, Inter quartile
range, Mean deviation, Standard deviation, Variance, Coefficient of Variation, Skewness and Kurtosis.
Time series analysis: Concept, Additive and Multiplicative models, Components of time series, Trend analysis: Least Square method - Linear and Non- Linear
equations, Applications in business decision-making.
Index Numbers:- Meaning , Types of index numbers, uses of index numbers, Construction of Price, Quantity and Volume indices:- Fixed base and Chain base methods.
Correlation Analysis: Rank Method & Karl Pearson's Coefficient of Correlation and Properties of Correlation.
Regression Analysis: Fitting of a Regression Line and Interpretation of Results, Properties of Regression Coefficients and Relationship between Regression and
Correlation.
Decision-making under certainty, uncertainty and risk situations; Decision tree approach and its applications.
Concept of Business Analytics- Meaning, types and application of Business Analytics.
COURSE OUTCOME :After the completion of the course the students will be able to:
Course Outcome Blooms Taxonomy
CO1. Gaining Knowledge of basic concept / fundamentals of business statistics. • Knowledge ( K 2)
Text Book
1. G C Beri – Business Statistics, 3rd ed, TATA McGrawHill.
2. Manish Sharma & Amit Gupta, The Practice of Business Statistics, Khanna Publishing House, Delhi
3. Chandrasekaran&Umaparvathi-Statistics for Managers, 1st edition, PHI Learning
Reference Book
1. Davis,Pecar – Business Statistics using Excel, Oxford
2. Ken Black – Business Statistics, 5th ed., Wiley India
3. Levin and Rubin – statistics for Management, 7th ed., Pearson
4. Lind, Marchal, Wathen – Staistical techniques in business and economics, 13th ed, McGrawHill
5. Newbold, Carlson, Thorne – Statistics for Business and Economics, 6th ed., Pearson
6. J.K. Tyagi, Business Statistics, Khanna Publishing House, Delhi.
7. S. C.Gupta – Fundamentals of Statistics, Himalaya Publishing
8. Walpole – Probability and Statistics for Scientists and Engineers, 8th ed., Pearson
Statistics
The systematic and scientific treatment of
quantitative measurement is precisely
known as statistics.
Statistics may be called as science of
counting.
Statistics is concerned with the collection,
classification (or organization),
presentation and analysis of data which
are measurable in numerical terms.
Stages of Statistical
Investigation
Collection of Data
Organization of data
Presentation of data
Analysis
Interpretation of Results
Statistics
It is divided into two major parts:
Descriptive and Inferential Statistics.
Descriptive statistics, is a set of methods
to describe data that we have collected. i.e.
summarization of data.
Inferential statistics, is a set of methods
used to make a generalization, estimate,
prediction or decision. When we want to
draw conclusions about a distribution.
Collection of Data
Data can be collected by two ways:
>>> Primary Data Collection
It is the data collected by a particular person
or organization for his own use.
>>> Secondary Data Collection
It is the data collected by some other person
or organization, but the investigator also
get it for his use.
Methods of Primary data
collection
Direct personal interview
Data through questionnaire
Indirect investigation
Etc.
Methods of Secondary data collection
Data collected through newspapers &
periodicals.
Data collected from research papers.
Data collected from government
officials.
Data collected from various NGO, UN,
UNESCO, WHO, ILO, UNICEF etc.
Other published resources
Classification of data
Classification is a process of arranging
data into sequences and groups
according to their common
characteristics or separating them
into different but related parts.
It is a process of arranging data into
various homogeneous classes and
subclasses according to some
common characteristics.
Presentation of Data
Data should be presented in such a
manner, so that it may be easily
understood and grasped, and the
conclusion may be drawn promptly from
the data presented. e.g.
>>> Histogram
>>> Frequency polygon & curve
>>> Pie Chart
>>> Ogives
>>> Pictogram & Cartogram
>>> Bar Chart
Variables
Discrete Variable
e.g. No. of books, table, chairs
Continuous Variable
Mean<Median<Mode
Dispersion or Variation
The average does not enable us to
draw a full picture of the distribution.
So a further description is necessary
to get a better description.
The extent or degree to which data
tends to spread around an average is
called dispersion & Variation.
Objectives
For judging the reliability of averages.
Comparison of distributions
Useful for controlling variability
Useful in further analysis
Measure of Dispersion
Range
Inter quartile Range
Mean Deviation
Standard Deviation
Range
Range is the difference between the
largest and the smallest observation.
Range = L-S
It is easy to calculate and provides a
full picture of variation of the data
quickly.
It is crude measure & not based on all
the observations.
Correlation Analysis
Correlation denotes the degree of
interdependence between variables
or the tendency of simultaneous
variation between variables.
Types of Correlation:
3. Positive & Negative
• The
relation between r, byx and bxy is r
= ±√ byx bxy
• Both the regression coefficient should have
same sign.
P(AПB)= P(A).P(B)
Example
A bag contains 25 balls numbered from 1
to 25. Two balls are drawn at random from
the bag with replacement. Find the
probability of selecting:
ii) Both odd numbers.
iii) One odd & one even.
iv) At least one odd.
v) No odd numbers.
vi) Both even numbers.
Example
Five men in a company of 20 are
graduate. If 3 men are picked up at
random, what is the probability that
they are all graduate? What is the
probability that at least one is
graduate.
Example
The probability that A hits a target is
1/3 and the probability that B hits the
target is 2/5. What is the probability
that the target will be hit, if each one
of A and B shoots at the target.
Expected Value of Probability
Let X be the random variable with the
following distribution:
X : x1 x2 x3………..
P(X) :P(x1) P(x2) P(x3)……..
Expected Value is given by:
E(X) = Σ xi . P (xi)
Example
A player tossed two coins. If two
heads show he wins Rs. 4. if one
head shows he wins Rs. 2, but if two
tails show he pays Rs. 3 as penalty.
Calculate the expected value of the
game to him.
Solution:
E(X)= (-3) ¼ + (2) ½ + (4) ¼ =1.25
Example
An insurance company sells a
particular life insurance policy with a
face value of Rs. 1000 and a yearly
premium of Rs. 20. If 0.2% of the
policy holder can be expected to die
in the course of a year, what would
be the company’s expected earning
per policy holder per year.
E(X)= (-980) 0.002 + (20) 0.998=18