HOW A RESISTOR WORKS?

Converts electrical current

into heat and releases it into
the atmosphere.
The
resistance is measured in
ohms.
BASIC OPERATION

apassive electrical component

to create resistance in the flow of
electric current.
they can be found In almost all
electrical networks and
electronic circuits.
TYPES OF FIXED
RESISTORS
 Wire
wound resistor.

Carbon
film resistor.
Carbon
composition
resistor

Metal
film resistor.
 Metal oxide
film resistor.

Metal
glaze resistor.
Foil resistor
LABELS
POWER RATINGS
 VARIABLE RESISTORS
found in many
electrical devices for
controlling the tone,
bass as well as
volume.
a three-terminal resistor with a sliding or rotating
contact that forms an adjustable voltage divider.
If only two terminals are used, one end and the wiper,
it acts as a variable resistor or rheostat.

POTENTIOMETER
(ROTARY POTENTIOMETER IS THE MOST
COMMON TYPE)
used to control current. They are able to vary the
resistance in a circuit without interruption.
Theconstruction is very similar to the
construction of a potentiometers.

RHEOSTAT
resistanceis dependent on
temperature, more so than in
standard resistors.

THERMISTOR.
Resistance changes when an
external magnetic field is applied.
Flow of electric current through the magneto
resistor changes when anexternal magnetic field
is applied to it..

MAGNETO
RESISTOR.
A type of resistor whose resistance decreases
when the intensity of light increases.
 Flowof electric current through
the photoresistor increases when
the intensity of light increases.

PHOTORESISTOR.
It is very sensitive to the humidity.
 It
is used as a sensor for measuring the
humidity in the surrounding air.

HUMISTOR
A force-sensing resistor is a material
whose resistance changes when a force,
pressure or mechanical stress is applied.

FORCE SENSITIVE
RESISTOR.
resistors
can be connected together with the
other components to form filters for a desired
level.
can also be used in computer monitors for
color or positioning as well as dimming or
switching lamps.
Can be digital to analog and analog to
digital circuits (knob can be turned instead of
typing a value to change the tint or brightness.
made up of two metallic plates, with a dielectric
material in between the plates.
When you apply a voltage over the two plates, an
electric field is created. “a capacitor works by storing
energy electrostatically in an electric field”
is
a little like a battery. Although they work in
completely different ways, capacitors and batteries
both store electrical energy.
KINDS OF
CAPACITORS
CERAMIC CAPACITOR:

uses a ceramic dielectric.

lowloss factor, and a reasonable level of stability,
(depending upon the exact type of ceramic
used.)
 Ceramic dielectrics do not give as high a level of
capacitance per unit volume reason why its
typical value ranges from a few picofarads up to
values around 0.1 µF.
 ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR:
most popular leaded type for values
greater than about 1 microfarad(highest
levels of capacitance for a given volume.)
 uses two thin films of aluminium foil, 1
layer covered w/ an oxide layer as an
insulator.
An electrolyte-soaked paper sheet is
placed between them and then the two
plates are wound around on one
another and then placed into a can.
PLASTIC FILM CAPACITORS:

Metallised film: plastic film

has a very thin layer of
metallization(connected to
the relevant connection on
one side of the capacitor or
the other.) deposited into
the film.
PLASTIC FILM CAPACITORS:

 Film foil: This form of film

capacitor has two metal foil
electrodes that are separated
by the plastic film. The
terminals are connected to
the end-faces of the
electrodes by means of
welding or soldering.
TANTALUM:
 much smaller than the aluminium
electrolytics and instead of using a film
of oxide on aluminium it uses a film of
oxide on tantalum.
They do not normally have high working
voltages, 35V is normally the maximum,
and some even have values of only a
volt or so.
SILVER MICA:
manufactured by plating silver
electrodes directly unto the mica film
dielectric.
To achieve the required capacitance,
several layers are used. Wires for the
connections are added and then the
whole assembly is encapsulated.
capacitors range in value from a few
picofarads up to 2000 to 3000 picofarads.
SUPERCAP :

Super capacitors with capacitance

levels of a Farad or more are now
becoming more commonplace.
Thesesuper capacitors are
generally used for applications like
memory hold up and the like.
VARIABLE CAPACITORS ARE:
 usedmore often because of their
simple construction.
 usuallymade of two sets of
semicircular metal plates separated
by air gaps.
 One set is fixed and the other is
attached to a shaft which allows
the user to rotate the assembly,
therefore changing
the capacitance as needed.
 When current is about to flow to the inductor, the magnetic field generated
by that current cuts across the other windings, giving rise to an induced
voltage and thus preventing any changes in the current level.
 Ifthe current is about to rise suddenly, an electromotive force is generated
in the opposite direction to the current--that is, in the direction in which the
current is reduced--thus preventing any increase in the current.
 Conversely,if the current is about to drop, an electromotive force is
generated in the direction in which the current is increased.
Remember:
Theinductor stores electrical energy in the
form of magnetic energy.
Theinductor does not allow AC to flow
through it, but does allow DC to flow
through it.
TYPES OF INDUCTORS
AND APPLICATIONS
Air Core Inductor.
 do not use a magnetic core made of
ferromagnetic material. They have coils
wound on plastic, ceramic, and other
non-magnetic cores like those filled
with air.
Iron Core Inductor.
inductance value of an inductor can be
increased.
fixed value inductors which have an iron
core placed inside the coiled.
Ferrite Core Inductor. Soft
Ferrite. Hard Ferrite.
a magnetic material which
content particles of iron, cobalt or
nickel insert in an insulator binder.
 has high magnetic permeability
and has very low eddy current
losses. It is used in fixed inductor.
Iron Powder Core Inductor.
 insulated particles of highly pure iron
powder. (contains nearly 100% iron
only.)
 It gives us a solid looking core when
this iron power is compressed under
very high pressure and mixed with a
binder such as epoxy or phenolic.
 By this action iron powder forms like a
magnetic solid structure which consists
of distributed air gap.
 Laminated Core Inductor.
 formed by arranging many number of
laminations on top of each other.
 maybe made up of different materials
and with different thicknesses. So this
construction has more flexibility.
 arrangedparallel to the field to avoid
eddy current losses.
 Theseare used in low frequency detectors.
They have high power levels so , they are
mostly used at power filtering devices for
excitation frequencies above several KHz.
Bobbin based inductor.
 wounded on cylindrical bobbin so
these are named as bobbin based
inductors.
 mainly used for mounting on printed
circuit boards.
 Itconsist of two types of leads they
are axial lead and radial lead.
 Axial lead means lead exits from both
sides of the core for horizontal mounting
on PC board.
 Radial lead means lead exits from both
sides of the core for vertical mounting
on PC board.
 Toroidal Inductor.
 made up of diff. materials like ferrite,
powdered iron and tape wound etc.
 hashigh coupling results between winding
and early saturation.
 minimum loss in magnetic flux which helps to
avoid coupling magnetic flux with other
devices.
 Ithas high energy transferring efficiency and
high inductance values at low frequency
applications. (used in medical devices,
switching regulators, air conditioners,
refrigerators, telecommunications and
musical instruments etc.)
 Multi-layer Ceramic Inductor
 adding additional layers of coiled wire
that is wound around the central core
to the inductor gives multi-layer inductor.
 more number of turns in a wire, more inductance.
 notonly the inductance of the inductor increases but also the
capacitance between the wires also increases.
 gives lower operating frequencies, we can get higher inductance
results.
 high frequencies suppresses noise, in signal processing modules
like wireless LANs, Bluetooth etc. (also used at mobile
communication systems.)
THANK YOU!
PREPARED BY:
LOURIE MAY P. RUIVIVAR