louis gieoden a.

buen
portland cement
Portland
cement is a
basic cement mixture and
a fundamental ingredient
for many common cement
applications.
The most common chemical constituents
used to classify Portland cement are C3A
(tricalcium aluminate), C3S (tricalcium
silicate), C4AF (tetracalcium
aluminoferrite), and a concept called the
'heat of hydration'.
Types of
Portland
Cements
type I or Ia
a general purpose
portland cement
suitable for all uses
where the special
properties of other
types are not required.
type II or IIa
another general
construction concrete,
but moderate resistance
to soil and groundwater
contact.
type III or IIIa
a high-early strength
portland cement that
provides high strengths
at an early period,
usually a week or less.
type IV or IVa
a low heat of hydration
cement for use where
the rate and amount of
heat generated must be
minimized.
type V or Va
a sulfate-resisting
cement used only in
concrete exposed to
severe sulfate action
concrete pavement characteristics
and behavior
The behavior of concrete pavement
that is exposed to loading and
environmental effect entirely
depends upon the:
•Quality of
concrete
•Underlying
sub-grade
•Base course
CONCRETE
•strong in resisting
compression
load acting on it, but
considerably weak in
resisting tensile stress.
CONCRETE
•also expand and
contract due to
temperature changes. It
expands when wet and
contracts when dried
CONCRETE
•After pouring,
concrete shrinks as
the mortar hardens
and the cement
hydrates
CONCRETE
• Concrete pavement
changes in length with time
of day for being exposed to
different elements
of weather changes
CONCRETE
a curl tendency is very likely
due to the effect of daily and
seasonal temperature and
moisture differences
between the top and bottom
of slab.
CONCRETE PAVEMENT
DESIGN ASSUMES THE
FOLLOWING CONSIDERAT
IONS:
1. That the
pavement slab was
designed as plain
concrete beams.
2. That, transverse cracks on the
concrete pavement cannot be
avoided. The designer however,
presumes that the pavement cracks
could be controlled, by providing
reinforcement to the slab joints with
the following assumptions:
a.) With reinforcement,
cracks on the slab will be
confined to a weekend
plain joints spaced at 4.50
to 6.00 meters distance.
b.) Vertical offsetting
across the narrow
cracks will be prevented
by aggregate interlock,
or by dowel bars.
c.) With simply reinforced
slab, cracks will only appear
at weakened plane joints
spaced at 12-20 meters
interval. Hair cracks that can
be held tightly by the steel
between joints.
e.) Faulting is
countered by
aggregate
interlock and
steel bars
3. The longitudinal
cracks on the
pavement slab more
than one lane wide
are inevitable.
4. Pavement slab is supported
by foundation that deflects when
loaded but recover when the
load is removed, assuming that
the foundation materials are
elastic or like a dense liquid.
Definition
of terms
Deterior
ation of
concrete pavement is due
to stress brought about by
1 rad, moisture and
temperature
Distress of
concrete is
generally grouped into the
following categories:
a. Distortion
b. Cracking
c. Disintegration
Distor
tion is a vertical
displacement of concrete slab
at the joint of the cracks.
Distortion is due to failure or
weakness of concrete joints
Fault
ing is the result of

pumping tremendous force or load

that developed under the pavement. For
faulting to occur, there must be free water on
the top of the base course and pavement
deflection across the joint due to heavy axle
loads
Causes of
faulting :

a.Loss of slab support

b.Erosion of sub base
Crac
king can
take many forms in concrete
pavement that could be the
result from; applied load,
temperature or moisture
changes
The most common
type of cracks
a. Corner cracks
associated with
excessive corner
deflection
The most common
type of cracks
b. TRANSVERSE cracks
associated with
mixture or temperature
stresses, or poor
construction methods
disinteg
ration appears
in the form of durability
cracking, scaling or spalling, as
the result of mix design or
construction related problems
like:
a. DURABILITY
CRACKING results
from freeze-thaw
action
b. SCALING. A network
of shallow fine hairline
cracks which extend
through the upper
surface of the
concrete.
c. SPALLING is the
breaking or
chipping of the
joint edges.
CHANGES IN
TEMPERATURE
AND MOISTURE
CONTENT create
slab curling, flexure
stresses and overall
lengthening and
shortening of the slabs.
control of cracks
AGGREGATE
INTERLOCKING
Mechanism that transfers
load across a crack in
concrete by means of
interlocking between
irregular aggregate and
cement paste surfaces on
each side of the track
DOWELS
Dowels are designed to account for the
largest likely load (considering load
shear between a numbers of dowels due
to stiffness of the pavement) which
generally comes from a heavily loaded
wheel or racking support post. An
inadequate dowel design can mean a
punching shear failure across a joint and
a very expensive fix.
JOINTS
transverse expansion joints
• Expansion joints provide space
allowance for the lengthening of
slab due to expansion
• To prevent blowups by relieving
direct compressive stresses
before reaching the stage of
unmanageable level
longitudinal joints
• Longitudinal Joints are
provided between adjacent
traffic lanes.
• It is considered as hinges to
provide edge support, but
allows rotation between the
slabs.
Longitudinal Joints cannot be
considered as a major problem
under following assumptions:
1. That there is
no big load
transfer across
it.
Longitudinal Joints cannot be
considered as a major problem
under following assumptions:
2. The expansion and
contraction movement
developed across the
pavement width is very
small.
Longitudinal Joints cannot be
considered as a major problem
under following assumptions:
3. When lanes are
constructed at different
time using side forms, the
joints are provided with
key way in the first slab to
accept load transfer
Longitudinal Joints cannot be
considered as a major problem
under following assumptions:
4. Deformed tie bars are
used because the purpose
is to hold the slabs tightly
together, rather to allow
joints to open or close
Longitudinal Joints cannot be
considered as a major problem
under following assumptions:
5. The diameter and
spacing of tie bars are
based on the force
needed to pull the narrow
pavement slab over the
sub-grade to the joint
Longitudinal Joints cannot be
considered as a major problem
under following assumptions:
6. The length of tie bar is
determined from the
embedment inside the
concrete necessary to
develop the strength of the
bar.
construction joint
• Construction joint is provided if
concrete pouring will be interrupted
for quite some time that cold joint
will be inevitable.
• Construction joints and cracks
should be cleaned and sealed to
prevent infiltration of water to the
sub-grade and to keep dirt out of the
joints.
reinforcement of joints
Steel reinforcement for
concrete pavement joints are
specified in the design to
prevent the widening of
cracks produced by shrinkage
or thermal contraction.