Prsentet by group 6:

1. Pisces class
=> Cavum oris  esophagus  ventrikulus 
intestinum  anus
• In the oral cavity there are small conical teeth in
the lower molars and the tongue at the base of
the mouth which cannot be moved and produces
a lot of mucus, but does not produce saliva
(enzymes).
• The esophagus is cone-shaped, short, behind
the gills, and when it is not passed through,
the lumen is narrowed.
• rom the esophagus of food pushed into the
stomach, the stomach is generally enlarged,
with no clear boundary with the intestine.
• In some types of fish, there are dead ends to
expand the field of absorption of food.
• From the stomach, food enters the intestine in
the form of a meandering, long pipe. The
intestine empties into the anus.
• The digestive glands in fish, including the liver
and pancreas. The liver is a large, brownish red
gland located in the front of the body cavity and
surrounds the intestine, its shape is not firm,
divided into the right lobe and left lobe, and the
part that leads to the back.
• The function of the liver produces bile which is stored
in the gallbladder to help digest the fat. The round,
greenish gallbladder is located to the right of the heart,
and the duct empties into the stomach. The gallbladder
functions to store bile and is distributed to the
intestines when needed.
• The pancreas is a microscopic organ that is difficult to
recognize, the function of the pancreas, among others,
produce digestive enzymes and the hormone insulin.
2. Amphibi class
Successive digestive tracts in frogs include:
1. Oral cavity: there are conical teeth to hold prey
and tongue to catch prey.
2. Esophagus: in the form of a short channel.
3. Ventriculus: in the form of a pocket which when
filled with food becomes wide. Gastric frog can
be divided into 2, namely the entry point of the
esophagus and the outlet into the anus.
4. Intestinum (intestine): can be divided into small
intestine and thick intestine.
Small intestine: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum,
but the boundaries are not yet clear.
The thick intestine ends at the rectum and leads
to the cloaca,
5. Cloaca: is a joinestuary between the digestive
tract of food, the reproductive tract and urine.t
• Digestive glands in amphibians, consisting of the liver
and pancreas.
1. A brownish red heart, consisting of a right lobe which is
divided into two lobules. The liver functions to remove
bile that is stored in a greenish gallbladder and a
yellowish-colored pancreas, attached between the
stomach and duodenum.
2. The pancreas functions to produce enzymes and
hormones that lead to the duodenum.
3. Reptile class
Successive digestive tracts in reptiles include:
1. Oral cavity: the oral cavity is supported by the upper and
lower jaw, each having a row of conical teeth, teeth
attached to the gums and slightly curved towards the oral
cavity. In the oral cavity there is also a tongue attached to
the bone of the tongue with a two-pronged tip
2. Esophagus (esophagus),
3. Ventriculus (stomach),
4. Intestinum: consists of small intestine and thick intestine
which empties into the anus.
Digestive glands in reptiles include the liver,
gallbladder, and pancreas.
• 1. The liver in reptiles has two lobes (glaze and
reddish ones). The gallbladder is located on
the right edge of the heart.
• 2. The pancreas is between the stomach and
duodenum, yellowish flat.
4. Aves class
Mulut -> Esofagus -> Crop -> Proventrikulus -> Gizzard -> intestine -> kloaka

• Mouth
In the mouth there is a beak and tongue. The beak functions to take food, while the
tongue has a stiff structure and small and pointed shape. Food taken directly into
the oral cavity into the esophagus.

• Esophagus
The esophagus is the channel between the oral cavity and the stomach. The bottom is
enlarged in the form of a bag called cache.

• Crop
Cache is a widening of the esophagus that functions to store food for a while and little
by little will be distributed to the stomach glands.
• Proventriculus
Gastric Gland, which is the stomach located at the front. Gastric glands occur chemical processes
because the walls contain glands that produce gastric sap and function to digest food.

• Gizzard
The empedal part of the process of digestion occurs mechanically because the walls contain strong
muscles. This muscle is useful for destroying food with the help of small stones or gravel. These
pebbles are then channeled into the gut of halua along with food.

• Intestine
The next digestive organ is the small intestine. In the small intestine chemical processes occur because
enzymes produced by the pancreas and bile produced by the liver are directly channeled into the
small intestine because aves do not have gallbladder.

• Cloaca
Then the leftover food is pushed into the large intestine (colon), then into the rectum, and finally
excreted through the cloaca.
5. Mamals
Herbivorous animals (grass-eaters) such as sheep,
cows, buffalo are referred to ruminant animals. The
digestive system of food in these animals is longer
and more complex. This animal food contains a lot
of cellulose which is difficult to digest by animals in
general so that the digestive system is different
from the digestive system of other animals.
• Cow's stomach is very large, estimated at about 3/4 of the contents
of the abdominal cavity. Stomach has an important role for storing
temporary food that will be touched again (second kah). In addition,
the decomposition process also occurs in the stomach. Ruminant
stomach consists of 4 parts, namely the rumen, reticulum, omasum,
and abomasum with varying sizes according to age and natural
food. Rumen capacity is 80%, reticulum 5%, omasum 7-8%, and
abomasum 7-8%. This division can be seen from the crunch shape
when the sphincter muscle contracts. Food from the esophagus will
enter the rumen which serves as a temporary warehouse for
swallowed food. In the rumen digestion of proteins,
polysaccharides, and fermentation of cellulose by cellulase enzymes
produced by bacteria and certain types of protozoa.
• From the rumen, food will be forwarded to the reticulum and in this
place food will be formed into lumps which are still rough (called
boluses). Bolus will be spit back into the mouth for a second touch.
From the mouth the food will be swallowed back to be passed on to
the National Forum. In omasum there are glands that produce
enzymes that will mix with bolus. Eventually the bolus will be
passed on to the abomasum, which is the actual stomach and in
this place the chemical digestion process of the bolus is still
occurring by the enzyme.
• In addition, in mammals there are gastric modifications which are
divided into 4 parts, namely: rumen (large stomach), reticulum
(mesh belly), omasum (stomach of the book), and abomasum (sour
stomach).