DESIGN OF SCREW

FASTENING
Joshua Winston A. Dolotina
 BOLTS AND
SCREWS

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 BOLTS

A bolt is a type of threaded hardware fastener that is used

to position two workpieces in specific relation to each
other. Bolts come in several configurations for their
application and specification variances.

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Since the terms "bolt" and "screw" were in use before the advent of easily-
produced helix fasteners, they are often synonymous. However, several
standards bodies have attempted to differentiate the terms, with many
concluding that it is not the devices which are different, but how they are
used. As provided by Machinery's Handbook and ASME B18.2.1, bolts are
externally threaded fasteners that are prevented from being turned during
assembly, but are positioned or released by torqueing a nut. Screws are
externally threaded fasteners that can be inserted into pretapped holes or can
perforate a material and create their own internal threads. Screws are fastened
by torque applied to the head. This definition is still somewhat ambiguous and
is not all-encompassing, but does provide a basis to begin differentiation.

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 BOLT TIGHTENING
TORQUE
Formula
• The relation between applied
torque and axial force - or load - in
a bolt can be calculated as
• T=KFd
• where
• T = wrench torque (Nm, in lb)
• K = constant that depends on the
bolt material and size
• d = nominal bolt diameter (m, in)
• F = axial bolt force (N, lb)
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• Typical values for K with mild-
steel bolts in range 1/4" to 1":
• normal dry: K = 0.2
• nonplated black finish: K = 0.3
• zink-plated: K = 0.2
• slightly lubricated: K = 0.18
• cadmium-plated: K = 0.16
• Note! - be aware that this is a
rough calculation - in addition
the accuracy of a torque wrench
is normally no better than +-
25%.
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Proof Load
 EXAMPLE 1

• Required torque for tightening a Metric bolt M30 metric

bolt grade 8.8 to proof load (slightly lubricated). What is
the torque required to achieve this tension with a dry
bolt?

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 EXAMPLE

• Required torque for tightening a Imperial bolt

required clamping force for a joint is 20000 lbs.
Find the torque required for a 3/4" dry steel bolt
to achieve this tension.

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 BOLT TENSILE STRESS
Formula
• STRESS AREA
• σ=F/A
• The tensile stress area can be calculated as
ELONGATION
• dl = F L / E A
A = (π / 4) (d - 0.9743 / n)2
• where
• dl = change in length of bolt (inches, m) • where
• F = applied tensile load (lb, N) • d = nominal diameter of bolt (in)
• L = effective length of bolt where tensile • n = 1 / p = number of threads per inch
strength is applied (inches, m) • p = pitch, length per thread (in)
• E = Young's Modulus of Elasticity (psi,
N/m2)
• A = tensile stress area of the bolt
(square inches, m2)

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 EXAMPLE 3

• stud diameter : 7/8 inches

• thread pitch : 9

• Young's Modulus steel : 30 106 psi

• designed bolt load : 10000 lb

• effective length : 5 inches

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 TITLE HERE
YOUR HEADING YOUR HEADING YOUR HEADING YOUR HEADING
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END

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