Presented by:

Dr. Kamleshwar Singh

BDS, MDS, ICMR-IF
Assistant Professor
Department of Prosthodontics
King George’s Medical University, Lucknow
INTRODUCTION
 There is no area of Dentistry other than framework
construction where a major part of patient treatment
is delegated outside the dental office.

 The removable Partial Denture framework constructed

in this manner requires a high level of communication
between clinician and technician if a quality denture is
to be achieved.
 Knowledge of the laboratory phase of partial
denture construction is essential for the
clinician, who must assume total responsibility
for the design and the quality control of all
aspects of this construction.
 For laboratory construction of partial
denture :-
1. A properly prepared and articulated master
cast.
2. A diagnostic cast with a neat and specific
design carefully drawn on it.
3. A work authorization order covering all
aspects of the desired denture are
required.
Anything less will compromise the quality.
FRAMEWORK FABRICATION

 After recording the master impression, the framework is

fabricated for a cast partial denture.
 The framework is essential for other procedures like
preparing occlusal rims, jaw relation, etc.
 Framework fabrication involves the following steps:-
1. Wax-up
2. Duplication and preparation of refractory
casts
3. Waxing
4. Investing
5. Burn out
6. Casting
7. Finishing and polishing.
 WAX UP PROCEDURE
 It deals with all the procedures done to the master
cast prior to duplication.
 We know that the master cast is duplicated to produce
the refractory cast, which is used to cast the
framework.
 The refractory cast will not resemble the master cast
because the contours of the master cast are altered
by various wax up procedures before duplication.
 Wax up includes design transfer, block out, relief and
beading of the master cast.
 DESIGN TRANSFER
 Design transfer is defined as, "Conveying the outline of the
proposed prosthesis from the diagnostic cast to the master
cast"—GPT.

 The outline of the proposed partial denture is drawn on the

primary cast during design. This out line is transferred to the
master cast with the help of a surveyor.
 The colour codes used in the primary cast should be followed
in the master cast also.
 Design transfer includes the following steps:

1. Marking the height of contour

2. Measuring the undercut
3. Drawing the clasps
4. Drawing the connectors.
MARKING THE HEIGHT OF THE CONTOUR
 The tripod marks of the primary cast are transferred to the
master cast.
 The master cast can be repositioned on the surveyor using
these tripod marks. After positioning the master cast, the
survey lines are drawn on the abutment teeth with reference to
the survey lines marked in the diagnostic cast

As a first step in design transfer, the height of contour is marked

on the master cast using the primary cast as the guide
 Measuring the undercut
The undercut gauge is attached to the survey
arm and the undercut areas are marked and
measured.
 Drawing the clasps

The clasp should be drawn so that the retentive terminal

descends gracefully, into the infrabulge (undercut) area of the
tooth. The clasps are drawn in reference to the primary cast.
The shape of the clasp should be similar in both primary and
master cast
 Drawing the connectors
The major connector including the lattice work is
drawn using brown colour pencils.
The minor connectors are drawn such that they
unite the clasp with the major connector. The area
to be occupied by the denture base may be drawn
finally
 Blockout or Wax Out
 Defined as, "Elimination of undesirable under cut
areas on the cast to be used in the fabrication of the
removable partial denture".

 It is the process by which the undesirable undercuts

on the master cast are eliminated using wax. Since
the undercuts are filled with wax, the refractory cast
duplicated from the master cast will not have these
undercuts.
Parallel block out
This is the procedure by which, undercuts
below the height of contour of the existing
teeth are eliminated in relation to that path
of insertion.
 Arbitrary blockout
This procedure involves filling the soft tissues and other
unwanted undercuts in the cast with blockout wax. The purpose
of this procedure is to eliminate the unwanted undercuts (ridge,
soft tissue), which may interfere with the path of insertion.

 It is termed arbitrary blockout because the surface of the block

out wax need not be parallel to the path of insertion
 Formed or shaped blockout

 It is done in the undercut of the primary abutment

along the lower border of the proposed retentive arm.
 The blockout wax is not trimmed to flush with the tooth
surface
 The excess wax will form a ledge on the occlusal
surface.
 This ledge will follow the lower border of the proposed
retentive arm drawn on the master cast.
 This blockout will be reproduced as a ledge in the
refractory cast duplicated from the master cast. This
ledge guides the fabrication of the wax pattern for the
retentive arm
Formed blockout (Cross-
Formed blockout
sectional view)
 Relief
 It is defined as, "The procedure of placing a sheet of - wax in
strategic areas on the master cast to be ' : duplicated so that a
refractory cast can be made".

 The purpose of relieving the master cast with wax is to provide

space between certain components of the framework and the
adjacent oral structures such as the minor connector to which
the denture base will be attached

Adapting spaces for relief The area where the relief wax
was adapted will be a elevation.
 Beading
It is defined as, "Scoring a cast with a sharp instrument or Bur in
any desired area to provide a seal between the finished
prosthesis and the soft tissue".

 Beading is nothing but a depression created along the borders

of the framework drawn on the cast so that the resultant
framework will have an elevation at its borders. This is done
only for the maxillary cast to get a good seal
 Duplication and Preparation of
Refractory Casts

 Either alginate or agar can be used to duplicate

the master cast.
 Agar is the duplicating medium of choice.

 The blocked, relieved and beaded master cast

should be duplicated so that the resultant
refractory cast, is ideal to fabricate the
framework
 Duplicators A duplicator is a machine designed to prepare and
load the duplicating material into the duplicating flask.

 There is an upper reservoir compartment or storage unit where

the duplicating material is heated and constantly mixed to
improve homogeneity and prevent graininess. The duplicating
material is maintained in a particular constant temperature
with the help of a thermostat inbuilt within the system.
 The reservoir has a dispensing nozzle to dispense the
material.
 The duplicating flask should be placed below the
dispensing nozzle of the duplicator during duplication
procedure.
 The duplicator has a horizontal table to hold the
duplicating flask. The horizontal table is perforated
and a fan is present below the table to cool the
duplicating flask.
 Sophisticated duplicators, which help to pour the
duplicating medium in a vacuum chamber, are also
available.
 Vacuum based duplicators prevent porosity in the
duplicating material
 Duplicating flasks The duplicating flask has two parts namely,
the body and a reservoir ring or counter.
 The body of the duplicating flask forms the base of the flask
where the cast to be duplicated is positioned.
 The reservoir ring is a dome shaped structure with vent holes
through which the duplicating material can be poured in.
 The reservoir ring is designed such that the flange extension of
the dome seats on the body of the flask

: Duplicating flask. The flange

of the dome sleeving over the
base
 The vent hole present on the upper surface of
the counter should be aligned with the
dispensing nozzle of the duplicator during
duplication procedures.
.Relieved and blocked out master
cast is positioned on base of the
duplicating flask.
 Duplicating flask is filled slowly with hydro-
colloid material.
Base of flask rests in a container of cool
running water.
Cast is teased from hydrocolloid
duplicating material.
PROCEDURE
 The master cast should be soaked in slurry
water for atleast 5 minutes before duplication.

 The soaked cast is positioned on the base of

the duplicating flask such that there is at least
I/4th inch clearance all around the cast.

 The cast is secured in place on the base of the

duplicating flask with the help of modelling
clay
 The reservoir ring is positioned to fit in the body of
flask.
 The duplicating flask with the positioned cast is
placed in the duplicating unit.
 The vent holes of the flask should be aligned below
the dispensing nozzle of the duplicating unit

: Duplicating material can be filled by

aligning the nozzle with the vent holes of
the flask
 The nozzle is opened till the agar from the
storage unit fills the entire reservoir ring of
the flask.
 When the agar completely fills the reservoir
ring it will flow out through the other vents
present in it (Vacuum is created at
this stage when a vacuum based unit is used).
 The agar is allowed to cool in the duplicating
unit with the help of the fan placed below the
perforated table holding the flask in the unit

Material is filled till it

escapes out through the
other vent holes
 After the agar cools, the base of the duplicating
cast is gently removed. The clay used for
stabilization is removed.

 A jet of cold air can be blown at the junction

of the cast for the set duplicating material to
loosen and remove the cast embedded in the
duplicating medium

After the agar cools, the master cast can

be separated by applying a jet of air spray
 Refractory investment (used to make the
refractory cast) is poured into the impression of
the master cast present in the duplicating
material
 The cast is dried in an oven and treated.

Refractory cast poured

using refractory material
 Afterblockout and relief, the master
cast is duplicated to form the
refractory cast
 All the blocked out undercuts will be invisible
in the refractory cast.

All infrabulge undercuts will be blocked out on the refractory cast

 The spacer relief will appear as an elevation on
the edentulous ridge

The spacer area will be an elevation on the duplicated cast

 The stopper holes on the spacer will appear as
depression on the elevated saddle area

Stopper holes in the spacer will be replicated as depressions

within the elevated zone on the refractory cast
 The gingival relief will appear as an elevated
band on the refractory cast

The gingival relief will appear as an elevated band on the

refractory cast
 Refractory Cast
 Refractory (or investment) materials must be measured and
mixed exactly according to the manufacturer's instructions to
ensure that the expansion of the mold during burnout will
match the shrinkage of the alloy.

 Gypsum-bonded investments, commonly called low-heat

investments, are used for casting Type IV partial denture gold
and Ticonium.

 This refractory material can be burned out at 704 °C (1300°F)

without causing breakdown of the investment.

 Investments used for Vitallium, Nobillium,

Jelenko's LG, and other chrome-cobalt alloys are
termed high-heat and are burned out at temperatures in the
area of 1037° C (1900° F).
The manufacturer's instructions give the time
required for complete set of the refractory
material.
 When this stage is reached, the cast is
carefully removed from the mold and placed in
a drying oven at 93° C (200° F)

Refractory cast is dried in oven at

93°C (200°F) for 1 hour.
 Beeswax Dip
 To ensure a smooth, dense surface on the refractory cast and to
eliminate the need for soaking the cast before investing, the dry
refractory cast is dipped in hot beeswax.
 The cast is dried in a hot air oven at 82° to 93 °C (180° to 200
°F) for 1/2 to 1 hour, dipped into beeswax at 138° to 149° C
(280° to 300 °F) for 15 seconds, and set immediately on end
to allow all excess wax to run off.
 Once the cast has cooled to room temperature, it is ready to be
waxed.

Refractory cast is dipped in

hot beeswax
BIBLIOGRAPHY

 Stewart : Clinical Removable Partial

Prosthodontics,second edition ,Ishiyaku European
American publishers.
 Carr, McGivney, Brown: McCracken’s Removable
Partial Prosthodontics, eleventh edition ,Mosby
publishers.
 Applegate : Essentials of Removable Partial Denture
Prosthesis., saunders Company.
MCQS
 Brown colour used in the dental laboratory is
depicting:
 1.Height of contour.

 2.Resin outline

 3.Metal framework

 4.Relief area.
 The elimination of undesirable undercuts on
the master cast with wax is known as
 1.Relief

 2.Blockout

 3.Interference

 4.Waxing
 The blockout wax is placed at
 1.At the height of contour

 2. Above the height of contour

 3. Below the height of contour

 4. On the occlusal surface

 Red colour used in the dental laboratory is
depicting:
 1.Height of contour.

 2.Resin outline

 3.Metal framework

 4.Relief area
 Refractory cast for Type IV gold casting is made
up of
 1.Ethyl slicate investment

 2.Phosphate bonded investment

 3.Gypsum bonded investment

 4. All of the above

 To ensure smooth , dense surface on the
refractory cast and to eliminate the need of
soaking which wax is used
 1.Beeswax

 2. IOWA wax

 3.Korrecta I wax

 4.Korrecta II wax
 Work authorizations should have
 1.The name and address of the patient

 2.A description of the kind and type of act or

service or material
 3.The date of authorization.

 4.All of the above

THANK YOU