SIGMUND FREUD

PowerPoint Presentation
by
Bettyann Zevallos
The majority of the information found on this slide show is taken from our classroom textbook.
Myers, David, G. “Psychology.” 2004
I will site all additional sources used at the end of the presentation.
• Sigmund Freud was a very controversial personality theorist, and was an Austrian physician (page
6).
• Sigmund Freud constructed his theory of
personality from a handful of case studies
(page 26).

Bertha Pappenheim Sergei Pankenjeff

“Anna O” “Wolfman”
• According to Freud dreams have 2 components:
(pages 281-282)

– Manifest Content-the storyline of our dreams-sometimes incorporates traces of previous

days’ experiences and preoccupations.

– Latent Content-censored symbolic version-consists of unconscious drives and wishes that

may be threatening if expressed directly.
Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalytic Perspective

1856-1939

“I was the only worker in a new field.”

Love him or hate him, Sigmund Freud has profoundly influenced
Western culture. To recognize his influence, we need to understand
Freud’s ideas concerning the unconscious, psychosexual stages, and
mechanisms for defending anxiety. (page 576)
 Personality Theory According to Freud
(pages 575-586)

• Personality is defined in our textbook as follows:

– Our characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

Freud’s psychoanalytic perspective proposed that childhood sexuality and

unconscious motivations influence personality.

Freud called his theory and associated techniques psychoanalysis.

Unconsious-large below the surface area which contains thoughts, wishes,

feelings and memories, of which we are unaware.

Free association-the patient is asked to relax and say whatever comes to mind,
no matter how embarrassing or trivial.
 Personality Structure according to Freud

ID-a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy constantly striving to satisfy

basic drives to survive, reproduce, and aggress.

The id operates on the pleasure principle: If not constrained bu

reality, it seeks immediate gratification.

Ego-the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to

Freud, mediates the demands of the id, superego, and reality.

The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in
ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

Superego-represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment

(the conscious) and for future aspirations.
 Freud’s Psychosexual Stages

• STAGE • FOCUS

Oral (0-18 months) Pleasure centers on the mouth-sucking,

chewing, biting

Anal (18-36 months) Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder

elimination; coping with demands for control

Phallic (3-6 years) Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with

incestuous sexual feelings

Latency (6 to puberty)
Dormant sexual feeling

Genital (puberty on)

Maturation of sexual interest
 Important Psychosexual Stage Theory Vocabulary

• Oedipus complex-a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and

feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

• Identification-the process by which, children incorporate their

parents’ values into their developing superegos

• Fixation-a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier

psychosexual stage, where conflicts were unresolved.
 DEFENSE MECHANISM
Tactics that reduce or redirect anxiety in various ways,
but always by distorting reality. (page 580)

1. Repression • banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts and feelings

from consciousness
2. Regression • retreating to an earlier, more infantile stage of
development
3. Reaction formation • the ego unconsciously makes unacceptable
impulses look like their opposites

4. Projection
• Attributing one’s own unacceptable threatening
impulses to others

5. Rationalization • offers self-justifying explanations in place of the

real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for
one’s actions

6. Displacement • shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more

acceptable or less threatening object or person, as
when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet
 ASSESSING THE UNCONSCIOUS
Projective Tests

• Thematic Apperception Test-a test in which

people view ambiguous pictures and then make
up stories.

• Rorschach Inkblot Test-a set of 10 inkblots,

seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by
analyzing their interpretations of the inkblots.
 Citations
I will first cite the classroom textbook followed by photographs and map
citations as they appear in the PowerPoint presentation.

Myers, David, G. “Psychology.” 2004. Worth Publishers.

Halberstadt, Max. “Sigmund Freud.” 1921. Freud Conflict and Culture

http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/Freud/images/vc008467.jpg] (June 18, 2004).

“Map of Austria.” Portals of the World from the World Factbook.

[http://www.loc.gov/rr/international/european/austria/au.html]
(June 18, 2004).
“Photograph of Bertha Pappenheim (Anna O).”1880. Freud Conflict and
Culture. [http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/Freud/images/vc009108.jpg]
(June 18, 2004).

Photograph of Sergei Pankejeff with Wife Theresa.” Freud Conflict and

Culture. [http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/Freud/images/vc008466.jpg]
(June 18, 2004).

Schmutzer, Ferdinand. “Sigmund Freud, Chalk on Paper.” Freud Conflict

and Culture. [http://loc.gov/exhibits/Freud/images/vc91.jpg]
(June 18, 2004).