 An electrical Generator is a machine

which converts mechanical energy (or

power) into electrical energy (or
power).
 It is based on the principle of production of dynamically
induced e.m.f (Electromotive Force). Whenever a conductor
cuts magnetic flux, dynamically induced e.m.f. is produced in
it according to Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction.
This e.m.f. causes a current to flow if the conductor circuit is
closed.
Basic essential parts
 A magnetic field and
 A conductor
 Relative velocity
 E=4.44*Ǿm*f*N*kp*kd

Where kp= Pitch factor.

kd= Distribution factor.
Ǿm= Maximum flux per pole.
f= frequency.
N= No. of turns per phase.
1. CYLINDRICAL ROTOR
2. SALIENT POLE
CYLINDRICAL TYPE SALIENT POLE TYPE

1.UNIFORM AIR GAP. 1. NONUNIFORM AIR GAP.

2. NON PROJECTING POLE. 2. PROJECTING POLES.

3. SMALL DIAMETER.& 3. HIGHER DIAMETER &

LARGE AXIAL LENGTH. SMALL AXIAL LENGTH.

4. USED IN HIGH SPEED 4. USED IN LOW SPEED

ALTERNATORS. ALTERNATOR.

5. PRIME MOVERS ARE 5. PRIME MOVERS ARE

STEAM TURBINE. WATER TURBINE.
 Lap winding  Wave winding
LAP WINDING WAVE WINDING

1. NO. OF PARALLEL PATH = 1. NO. OF PARALLEL PATH =

NO. OF POLES. 2.

2. NO. OF BRUSH SETS =

NO. OF POLES. 2. NO. OF BRUSH SETS =2.

3. USED FOR HIGH CURRENT

& LOW VOLTAGE 3. USED FOR LOW CURRENT
CAPACITY GENERATORS. & HIGH VOLTAGE
CAPACITY GENERATOR.
4. GENERATOR CAPACITY >
500 AMP. 4.GENERATOR CAPACITY <
500 AMP.
Vdc If Ǿf Ef Ia Vt

field flux or rotor axis

δ Air gap flux

Output power (P) = Ef * Vt * Sin δ

Xs
 Ef
Voltage equation :-
Ef = Vt + Ia *Za
IaXs

Ef = Induced e.m.f in
stator. Vt
Iara
Vt = Terminal voltage .
Ia = Armature current. δ Ia
Za = Armature impedance . Ǿ

Ǿf = Field flux . Ǿf

If = Field current .
 If required to generate rated voltage under o/c
SCR=
If required to generate rated current under s/c.

= 0.6 – 0.9 for turbo alternators (cylindrical rotor).

= 0.9 - 1.5 for salient pole m/c.

For Lanco 300 MW alternator SCR = .6271

SCR α 1/Xs α 1/(Armature reaction) α Air gap length α

Synchronizing power α Stability.
 Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction

E= - N*dǿ
dt
 Flux can be generated by two
methods

1. By permanent magnet.

2. By an electromagnet.