PHILOSOPHICAL ASSUMPTIONS

AND INTERPRETIVE
FRAMEWORKS
Cynthia Sutanto 717182003
Ivana Jessline 717182008
Mellisa 717182009
Puti Andini Pradipta 717182010
SITUATING PHILOSOPHY
AND INTERPRETIVE
FRAMEWORKS WITHIN
THE
RESEARCH PROCESS
 PHILOSOPHICAL ASSUMPTIONS

▪ Why Philosophy Is Important

▪ Direction of research goals and outcomes.
▪ Scope of training and research experiences.
▪ Basis of evaluative criteria for research-related decisions

▪ Four Philosophical Assumptions

▪ Ontological
▪ Epistemological
▪ Axiological
▪ Methodological

▪ Writing Philosophical Assumptions Into Qualitative Studies

Four Philosophical Assumptions
Assumption Questions
Reality is multiple as seen through
Ontological What is the nature of reality?
What counts as knowledge?
How are knowledge claims
justified? What is the
Epistemological
relationship between the
between himself or herself and that
researcher and
that being researched?
Axiological What is the role of values?
are present in relation to their role
What is the process of research?
What is the language of
Methodological
research?
Characteristics Implications for Practice (Examples)
The researcher reports different
perspectives as themes develop in the
many views.
findings.
Subjective evidence is obtained
The researcher relies on quotes as
from participants; the researcher
evidence from the participant as well as
attempts to lessen the distance
collaborates, spends time in field with
participants, and becomes an “insider.”
being researched.
The researcher
The researcher openly discusses values
acknowledges that research is
that shape the narrative and includes his
valueladen and that biases
or her own interpretation in conjunction
with those of participants.
in the study context.
The researcher works with particulars
The researcher uses inductive
(details) before generalizations,
logic, studies the topic within its
describes in detail the context of the
context, and
study, and continually revises questions
uses an emerging design.
from experiences in the field.
 INTERPRETIVE FRAMEWORKS

Postpositivism Social Transformative

Constructivism Frameworks

Postmodern Feminist
Perspectives Pragmatism Theories

Critical Theory
and Critical Queer Theory Disability
Race Theory Theories
 THE PRACTICE OF USING INTERPRETIVE
FRAMEWORKS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
▪ Research focuses on understanding specific issues or topics.
▪ Research procedures are sensitive to participants and context
▪ Researchers are respectful co-constructors of knowledge
▪ Research is reported in diverse formats and calls for societal change
 LINKING PHILOSOPHY AND INTERPRETIVE
FRAMEWORKS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Interpretive Possible Researcher Potential Researcher
Examples of Researcher Practices
Frameworks Goals Influences

To discover contributors to Reports systematic data collection

Prior quantitative research
Postpositivism probability within situations and analysis procedures followed to
training
of cause and effect ensure rigor

Social To understand the world in Recognition of background Interprets participants constructions

constructivism which they live and work as shaping interpretation of meaning in his/her account
Knowledge of power and
Adopts an action agenda for
Transformative To act for societal social relationships within
addressing the injustices of
frameworks improvements society
marginalized groups
Understandings of the
Postmodern Situates research to highlight
To change ways of thinking conditions of the world today
perspectives multiplicity of perspectives

Comparing Major Interpretive Frameworks

 Interpretive Possible Researcher Potential Researcher Examples of Researcher
Frameworks Goals Influences Practices
Appreciation for diverse
Uses the most appropriate
To find solutions to approaches to collecting and
Pragmatism methods for addressing the
real-world problems analyzing and the contexts in
research question
which research takes place
Perspectives of power
To conduct research Poses questions that relate to the
relationships and individuals’
Feminist theories that is transformative centrality of gender in the shaping
social position and how they
for women of our consciousness
impact women
Acknowledgment of own Designs research in such a way
Critical theory To address areas of
power, engagement in that transforms the underlying
and critical race inequities and
dialogues, and use of theory to orders of social life
theory empower humans
interpret social actions
To convey the voices Understandings of need for
Engages in inquiry with a focus on
and experiences of thinking about sexual
Queer theory exploring the myriad complexities
individuals who have categories as open, fluid, and
of individual identity
been suppressed nonfixed
Recognition of disability as a Employs a disability interpretive
Disability theories To address the
dimension of human difference lens for informing the research
meaning of inclusion
and not as a defect process
 Interpretive Ontological Beliefs (the Epistemological Beliefs Axiological Beliefs Methodological Beliefs
Frameworks nature of reality) (how reality is known) (role of values) (approach to inquiry)
Scientific method and
Reality can only be writing is used. Object of
approximated, but it is research is to create new
A single reality exists beyond constructed through knowledge. Method is
The researcher’s biases
ourselves, “out there.” The research and statistics. important. Deductive
need to be controlled
Postpositivism researcher may not be able to Interaction with research methods are important,
and not expressed in a
understand it or get to it subjects is kept to a such as testing of
study.
because of lack of absolutes. minimum. Validity theories, specifying
comes from peers, not important variables, and
participants. making comparisons
among groups.

More of a literary style of

writing is used. Use of an
Reality is co- constructed
Multiple realities are Individual values are inductive method of
between the researcher
Social constructed through our lived honored and are emergent ideas (through
and the researched and
constructivism experiences negotiated among consensus) is obtained
shaped by Individual
and interactions with others individuals. through methods such as
experiences.
interviewing, observing,
and analyzing texts.

Interpretive Frameworks and Associated Philosophical Beliefs


Interpretive Ontological Beliefs (the
Frameworks nature of reality)
Participation between
researcher and communities or
Transformative /
individuals is being studied.
Postmodern
Often a subjective– objective
reality emerges.
Reality is what is useful, is
Pragmatism
practical, and “works.”
Epistemological
Axiological Beliefs Methodological Beliefs
Beliefs (how reality is
(role of values) (approach to inquiry)
known)
Methods consist of using
There is respect for collaborative processes
There are co-created indigenous values; of research, encouraging
findings with multiple values need to be political participation,
ways of knowing. problematized and questioning of methods,
interrogated. and highlighting issues
and concerns.
Reality is known through The research process
Values are discussed
using many tools of involves both
because of the way that
research that reflect both quantitative and
knowledge reflects both
deductive (objective) qualitative approaches
the researchers’ and the
evidence and inductive to data collection and
participants’ views.
(subjective) evidence. analysis.
 Ontological Beliefs Epistemological Methodological
Interpretive Axiological Beliefs
(the nature of Beliefs (how Beliefs (approach
Frameworks (role of values)
reality) reality is known) to inquiry)

Reality is based on
power and Reality is known
Identity struggles. through the study of Diversity of values Start with
Privilege or social structures, is emphasized assumptions of
Critical, race,
oppression based freedom and within the power and identity
feminist, queer,
on race or ethnicity, oppression, power, standpoint of struggles, document
disability
class, gender, and control. Reality various them, and call for
mental can be changed communities. action and change.
abilities, sexual through research.
preference.
The characteristics of qualitative research
 Karakteristik umum penelitian kualitatif

• Natural setting ->mengumpulkan data di lapangan atau di lokasi dimana

peserta mengalami masalah yang ingin diteliti
• Researcher as key instrument ->mengumpulkan data sendiri dengan
memeriksa dokumen, mengamati perilaku, dan mewawancarai peserta
• Multiple methods->mengumpulkan berbagai bentuk data, seperti
wawancara, observasi dan dokumen, daripada mengandalkan sumber
data tunggal
• Complex reasoning through inductive and deductive logic -> peneliti
kualitatif menggunakan keterampilan penalaran yang kompleks selama
proses penelitian.
• Participants multiple perspective and meanings -> pembelajaran makna yang
dimiliki oleh para peserta tentang masalah, bukan makna yang dibawa peneliti ke
penelitiannya
• Context-dependent -> mencari pemahaman tentang fitur kontekstual dan
pengaruhnya terhadap pengalaman peserta (misal, sosial, politik, dan historis)
• Emergent design -> Rencana awal untuk penelitian kualitatif tidak dapat ditentukan
secara ketat yang artinya semua fase atau proses dapat berubah atau bergeser
setelah peneliti memasuki lapangan
• Reflexivity -> peneliti menyampaikan (yaitu, dalam bagian metode, dalam
pendahuluan, atau di tempat lain dalam studi) latar belakang mereka (misalnya,
pengalaman kerja, pengalaman budaya, sejarah), bagaimana informasi itu di
interpretasi oleh peneliti
• Holistic account -> mengcoba mengembangkan gambaran kompleks mengenai
masalah yang diteliti.
When to Use Qualitative Research
Dibutuhkan
pemahama
Kurang n yang Adanya
kesesuaian kompleks. keinginan
antara
untuk
pengukuran
memberda
kualitatif
yakan
dengan
Penelitian individu.
masalah
kualitatif perlu
Mengemba dilakukan untuk Gaya
ngkan teori
untuk
mengeksplorasi penulisan
masalah dan … yang
mengatasi
fleksible
perbedaan

Memahami
Mencari konteks
penjelasan peserta
lebih lanjut. yang
diteliti.
 What a Qualitative Study Requires From Us

Engage in the Attend to

Commit to Write lengthy and Embrace dynamic
complex, time- anticipated and
extensive time in descriptive and emergent
consuming process developing ethical
the field. passages procedures.
of data analysis. issues
The Features of a “Good” Qualitative Study
- Peneliti membingkai penellitian dalam bentuk asumsi dan karakteristik
pendekatan kualitatif untuk penelitian
- Peneliti melakukan ethical study
- Peneliti menggunakan salah satu pendekatan.
- Peneliti mulai fokus pada 1 konsep yang sedang dieksplorasi.
- Peneliti menggunakan prosedur pengumpulan data yang ketat.
- Peneliti mencakup metode pendekatan tertentu untuk mengumpulkan data,
menganalisis data, dan menulis laporan.
- Peneliti mengganalisis data menggunakan multiple levels of abstraction
- Peneliti menulis secara persuasive, sehingga pembaca merasa seperti mengalami
keadaan di tempat kejadian.
- Penelitian menempatkan dirinya dalam penelitian untuk mencerminkan
sejarahnya, budaya, dan pengalaman pribadi.
The Process of Designing a Qualitative Study

Tidak ada struktur yang disepakati untuk merancang studi

kualitatif. Meskipun berbagai literature memberikan beberapa
saran, namun hal ini diadopsi kembali oleh peneliti. Peneliti
kualitatif menimbang pilihan yang diberikan berdasarkan
pengalaman, dan kemudian membiarkan pembaca membuat
pilihan berdasarkan informasi untuk diri mereka sendiri. Namun,
penelitian kualitatif harus dilakukan secara konsisten didalam
seluruh elemen penelitiannya.
Preliminary Considerations
Ada beberapa prinsip desain tertentu yang dapat digunakan saat
merancang studi penelitian kualitatif. Penelitian kualitatif berada
dalam proses metode ilmiah yang umumnya digambarkan dari
masalah, hipotesis, pengumpulan data, hasil, dan diskusi atau
memulai dengan masalah, memeriksa literature, mengajukan
pertanyaan, mengumpulkan data, menganalisis data, dan menulis
laporan. Namun, bagian-bagian dalam penelitian harus saling
terkait.
Phases in the Research Process
Mengakui asumsi yang
Menentukan apakah Konsep pertanyaan
luas dan
masalah atau topik penelitian terbuka
mengidentifikasi lensa
penelitian perlu diatasi sebagai bentuk
interpretif yang akan
menggunakan literature eksplorasi.
digunakan

Menganalisis dan
Hasil mewakili
Mengumpulkan mengintegrasikan
perspektif peserta dan
berbagai sumber data strategi induktif dan
intepretasi peneliti
deduktif

Mendiskusikan temuan
Menggunakan validasi
dan membandingkan
yang strategis.
dengan temuan lainnya
Ethics in Qualitative Research
Weis dan Fine (2000) mengatakan perlunya
mempertimbangkan etik dalam membuat penelitian
sehingga menghindari terjadinya kesalahpahaman dan
lain sebagainya. Salah satu cara yang dapat dilakukan
seperti dengan membangun hubungan yang suportif
dan saling menghormati tanpa adanya strereotipe
 Asumsi perspektif
Mempelajari
yang tidak
sampel yang unik.
konvensional

The Design
Mengamati Pengumpulan
Structures of lapangan yang bentuk data yang
a Plan or tidak biasa. jarang dilakukan

Proposal
Mempresentasikan
temuan dengan Fokus pada topik
cara yang tidak yang timely topic
biasa
General Writing Structures

1. Mengenali masalah yang akan diteliti.

2. Menjelaskan prosedur penelitian.
3. Melaporkan temuan penelitian.
4. Membuat garis besar penelitian yang diantisipasi.
5. Menyebutkan referensi yang dikutip dalam
penelitian.
6. Mensertakan dokumen penting sebagai lampiran.
Five Qualitative Approaches
to Inquiry
 Narrative Definition

Case Phenomenological
Origin

study
Feature

5
Approache
Type
s

Procedures
Etnography
Grounded
Challenges
 Narrative - Definition & Origin
Definition - Phenomena that studied.
narrative inquiry is not only valorizing individuals’ experience but is also an
exploration of the social, cultural, familial, linguistic, and institutional
narratives within which individuals experiences were, and are, constituted,
shaped, expressed and enacted

Origin - Narrative research originated from literature, history,

anthropology, sociology, sociolinguistics, and education, yet different fields
of study have adopted their own approaches
Narrative – Feature & Type
• Feature – Collect stories, individual experience, specific places or
situation, gathered through many form data, analyzed with varied
strategies (thematic, structure, Dialog/performance)
• Analysis strategy
• Type – 2 main line
• Type of narrative
• Biographical
• Autoetnography
• Life history
• Oral history
Narrative – Procedure & Challenges
Phenomenology – Definition and Origin
• Definition – phenomenological study describes the common meaning
for several individuals of their lived experiences of a concept or a
phenomenon. Phenomenologists focus on describing what all
participants have in common as they experience a phenomenon
• Origin – Edmund Husserl. phenomenology of practice to describe the
meaning-giving methods of phenomenology based on the primary
literature of these scholars.
 Phenomenology – Feature & Type
• Feature - Based on experience that give meaning.
Phenomenological reflection.
Data analysis 🡪 narrow units of analysis (significant statements)
broader units (e.g., meaning units)
🡪 What and how
• Type – Hermeneutic (interpreting) & Transcendental (fresh eyes)
Phenomenology – Procedure & Challenges
Grounded – Definition & Origin
• Definition - qualitative research design in which the inquirer
generates a general explanation (a theory) of a process, an action, or
an interaction shaped by the views of a large number of participants.

• Origin - Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss (1967) felt that theories
used in research were often inappropriate and ill-suited for
participants under study
Grounded – Feature & Type
• Feature – focus on distinct, explore and memoing, developing open
categories, selecting one category to be the focus of the theory, and
then detailing additional categories (axial coding) to form a
theoretical model. The intersection of the categories becomes the
theory (called selective coding). This theory can be presented as a
diagram, as propositions (or hypotheses), or as a discussion.
• Type - systematic procedures of Anselm Strauss and Juliet Corbin and
the constructivist approach of Charmaz.
Grounded – Procedure & Challenges
Ethnography – Definition & Origin
• qualitative design in which the researcher describes and interprets
the shared and learned patterns of values, behaviors, beliefs, and
language of a culture-sharing group

• Origin – An anthropology who want to study comparative cultural

anthropology
Ethnography – Feature & Type
• Feature – Culture, pattern, based on strong theory
• Type - realist ethnography and the critical ethnography

Cultural Anthropologist advocacy perspective

Ethnography – Procedures & Challenges
Case Study – Definition & Origin
• Definition - Case study research is defined as a qualitative approach in
which the investigator explores a real-life, contemporary bounded
system (a case) or multiple bounded systems (cases) over time, through
detailed, in-depth data collection involving multiple sources of
information (e.g., observations, interviews, audiovisual material, and
documents and reports), and reports a case description and case themes
• Origin - popularity in psychology (Freud), medicine (case analysis of a
problem), law (case law), and political science (case reports). Case study
research has a long, distinguished history across many disciplines
Case Study – Feature & Type
• Feature – identification of a specific case, bounded, intrinsic case,
instrumental case, conclusions called assertions
• Type - the single instrumental case study, the collective or multiple
case study, and the intrinsic case study.
collective case study (or multiple case study), the one issue or concern
is again selected, but the inquirer selects multiple case studies to
illustrate the issue
intrinsic case study in which the focus is on the case itself (e.g.,
evaluating a program, or studying a student having difficulty; see Stake,
1995) because the case presents an unusual or unique situation
Case Study – Feature & Type
Contrasting the 5 Approaches
PERBEDAAN DARI
5 PENDEKATAN DALAM
PENELITIAN KUALITATIF

ALPINE SKI HOUSE 44

PERBEDAAN 5 PENDEKATAN DALAM PENELITIAN KUALITATIF
NARRATIVE
• Mengeksplorasi kehidupan seseorang

PHENOMENOLOGY
• Memahami esensi dari sebuah fenomena

GROUNDED THEORY
• Mengembangkan sebuah Grounded Theory yang didapat dari data lapangan.

ETHNOGRAPHY
• Mendeskripsikan dan menginterpretasi asumsi kolektif dan beliefs yang
memengaruhi suatu kelompok tertentu.
CASE STUDY
• Mengembangkan deksripsi dan analisis yang mendalam tentang satu atau beberapa kasus.

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45
 CENTRAL FEATURES OF EACH APPROACH

Narrative

• Contohnya “ Story of Ai Mei Zhang”, seorang imigran cina yang

bersekolah di salah satu SMP di Kanada.
• Peneliti memutuskan untuk menggunakan pendekatan naratif ketika
ingin berfokus untuk mengilustrasikan pengalaman individual pelajar
imigran tersebut dan konflik-konflik yang dihadapinya.
• Proses dalam pengumpulan data dan Analisa dalam pendekatan naratif
biasanya terkait Pengumpulakan Data tentang Individu yang diteliti baik
dari wawancara ataupun observasi berdasarkan cerita pengalaman
individual subjek.

ALPINE SKI HOUSE 46

 CENTRAL FEATURES OF EACH APPROACH

Phenomenology

• Fokus pada “meaning” pengalaman orang-orang mengenai sebuah

fenomena.
• Contohnya bagaimana SWB individu yang memiliki penyakit tertentu.
• Metode penelitiannya, subjek penelitian dipilih dengan syarat mereka
mengalami fenomena yang diteliti. Kemudian data digali melalui
interview. Kemudian data diolah sehingga terbentuk data deksriptif
pengalaman tentang fenomena dari individu-indivdu yang memiliki
kesamaan dalam hal pengalaman hidup terkait fenomena tersebut.

ALPINE SKI HOUSE 47

 CENTRAL FEATURES OF EACH APPROACH

Grounded Theory
• Tujuan dari penelitian Grounded theory adalah untuk mengembangkan sebuah teori
yang dikonstruksikan dari proses identifikasi perbedaan dan persamaan dalam suatu
konteks, dan identifikasi pola dari kasus –kasus yang berfokus pada tema-tema yang
sama tentang suatu proses atau tindakan.
• Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara dan analisis data yang
dilakukan secara simultan dan berulang.
• Prosedur Sistematis yang dilakukan dalam menganalisa dan mengembangkan teori
antara lain kategorisasi data, menghubungkan kategorisasi ke dalam model teori,
menentukan konteks dan kondisi dimana teori dapat diterapkan (Corbin & Strauss,
2015).
• Teori tersebut kemudian disajikan sebagai diskusi atau model yang menjadi
kelebihan atau kredibilitas ilmiah.studi tersebut.
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 CENTRAL FEATURES OF EACH APPROACH

Ethnography
• Peneliti memutuskan untuk menggunakan pendekatan ethnography ketika ingin
meneliti perilaku dari sebuah “culture-sharing group” seperti penelitian tentang
ekspresi emosi pada masyarakat jawa.
• Dalam penelitian ethnography, peneliti mempelajari tentang sebuah kelompok
masyarakat berbudaya yang utuh yang telah lama berbagi Bahasa maupun pola
perilaku yang umum.
• Deskripsi yang detail tentang masyarakat /culture-sharing group tersebut penting
untuk dideskripsikan di awal. Kemudian peneliti mengidentifikasikan pola-pola dari
kelompok masyarakat tersebut terkait konsep budaya seperti akulturasi, politik atau
ekonomi.
• Umumnya penelitian etnografi diakhiri dengan pernyataan simpulan tentang
bagaimana kelompok masyarakat berfungsi dan bekerja di kehidupan sehari-hari,
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 CENTRAL FEATURES OF EACH APPROACH

Case Study
• Studi kasus digunakan untuk meneliti kasus yang memiliki batasan yang
jelas.
• Dalam penelitian studi kasus, peneliti melakukan ekspolarasi terhadap
suatu masalah untuk mendapat pemahaman yang rinci terhadap
masalah melalui pemeriksaan beberapa kasus.
• Poin utama dalam penelitian case study adalah Peneliti harus
menjelaskan kasus secara rinci, menyebutkan beberapa masalah atau
fokus pada satu masalah yang muncul ketika memeriksa kasus (Stake,
1995).

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TIPS MEMILIH Audience
PENDEKATAN DALAM Question

MELAKUKAN PENELITIAN
The
Menurut Cresswell, memilih Background
pendekatan dalam melakukan Question
penelitian sebaiknya
difokuskan pada “outcome”
The Scholarly
yang ingin didapatkan Literature
kemudian peneliti dapat Question
memilih pendekatan yang
tepat untuk mencapai outcome
The Personal
tersebut. Approach
Question

ALPINE SKI HOUSE 51

• TERIMA KASIH

ALPINE SKI HOUSE

 GOOD LUCK ON CHOOSING
YOUR RESEARCH APPROACH

ALPINE SKI HOUSE