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15th edition
U.S. Multinationals (1 of 2)
• 21st century ushered in the era of new global
marketing opportunities
• 1950s – U.S. companies began to export and
make significant investments in overseas
marketing and production facilities
• 1960s – U.S. multinational corporations (MNCs)
faced major challenges on two fronts
– Resistance to direct investment
– Increasing competition in export markets
U.S. Multinationals (2 of 2)
• American MNCs were confronted by a resurgence of
competition from all over the world
– Japan, Germany, NIC (Newly Industrialized Countries – Brazil,
Mexico, India, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore , Hong Kong),
developing countries such as Venezuela, Chile, Bangladesh
established SOE (State-Owned Enterprises)
• The U.S. role as an economic powerhouse was challenged on
two fronts:
– U.S. position in world trade (see chart on the next slide)
– U.S. trade deficit (as high as $700 billion in 2007)
• Last decade of the 20th century saw profound changes in the
way world trade would be done
– Free trade zones developed such as NAFTA, AFTA, and APEC
Exhibit 2.2
(1 of 2)
• Balance of payments is defined as the system of
accounts that records a nation’s international
finance transactions.
– Transactions recorded annually
– Must always be in balance
– A record of condition, not determinant of condition
• Balance of payments include three accounts:
– Current account (exports, imports, services, funds)
– Capital account (investments and short-term capital)
– Reserves account (gold, foreign exchange, and
liabilities)
Roy Philip 2-14
Balance of Payments 2
(2 of 2)
Receipts (+) Payments (-)
• Export sales • Cost of goods imported
• Money spent by foreign • Spending by American
tourists tourists overseas
• Transportation • New overseas
• Insurance to the U.S. investments
government • Cost of foreign military
• Dividend and interest on • Economic aid
investments abroad
• Foreign government
payments to the U.S.
Exhibit 2.3
http://online.wsj.com/mdc/public/page/2_3021-forex.html
• Tariffs
• Quotas and Import Licenses
• Voluntary Export Restraints (VER)
• Boycotts and embargoes
• Monetary barriers
– Blocked currency
– Government approval
• Standards
• Antidumping penalties
• Domestic subsidies and economic stimuli