Cell Division

1
 Cell Division
All cells are derivedfrom pre- existing
cells
New cells are produced for growth and to
replace damaged or old cells
Differs in prokaryotes (bacteria) and
eukaryotes (protists, fungi, plants, &
animals)
2
 Keeping Cells Identical
The instructions for
making cell parts are
encoded in the DNA, so
each new cell must get
a complete set of the
DNA molecules

3
 DNA Replication
DNA must be copied Original DNA
strand
or replicated before
cell division
Two new,
Each new cell will identical DNA
then have an identical strands
copy of the DNA

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Identical Daughter Cells

Two
identical

daughter
cells
Parent Cell

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Chromosomes

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 Prokaryotic Chromosome

 The DNA of
prokaryotes (bacteria) is
one, circular
chromosome attached to
the inside of the cell
membrane

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 Eukaryotic Chromosomes
All eukaryotic cells store
genetic information in
chromosomes
 Most eukaryotes have between
10 and 50 chromosomes in their
body cells
 Human body cells have 46
chromosomes or 23 identical
pairs
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 Eukaryotic Chromosomes
Each chromosome is composed of a single,
tightly coiled DNA molecule

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 DNA Packaging to Form Chromosomes

DNA is tightly
coiled around
proteins called
histones

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 DNA Packaging to Form Chromosomes
• Chromosomes are composed of a complex of DNA
and protein called chromatin that condenses during
cell division

• Chromosomes can’t be seen

when cells aren’t dividing and
are called chromatin
 DNA Packaging to Form Chromosomes

Duplicated chromosomes
are called chromatids
& are held together by
the centromere.

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 Structure of Chromosomes
Centromere - is a constricted region of the
chromosome containing a specific DNA sequence, to
which is bound 2 discs of protein called kinetochore.

Kinetochore - serve as
Metaphase chromosome

Centromere
points of attachment for region of
chromosome Kinetochore
microtubules that move Kinetochore

the chromosomes during

microtubules

cell division
Sister Chromatids
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Karyotype
 A picture of the
chromosomes from a
human cell arranged in pairs
by size
 First 22 pairs are called
autosomes
 Last pair are the sex
chromosomes
 XX female or XY male

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 Boy or Girl?
The Y Chromosome
Decides

Y - Chromosome

X - Chromosome
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Types of cells
Not all cells of an organisms have the same number
of chromosomes.

Two types of cells:

1. Somatic Cells – 2n
2. Gametes - n

n = number of chromosomes
Somatic Cells Sex cells
• Non-sex Cells. • Gametes

• Contain a full compliment of • Cell which carry genetic information

chromosomes. for sexual reproduction.

• Characteristic to their • Contain one half the compliment of

species.
• Referred to as diploid cells.
Designated as 2n
All somatic cells in an organism
have the 2n or diploid number
of chromosomes.
chromosomes characteristic to
their species.
• Referred to as the haploid cells.
Designated as n
All gametes formed by an organism
have the n or haploid number of
chromosomes.
 The Cell
Cycle
- An ordered series of events involving cell growth and
cell division that produces new daughter cells.
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 Five Phases of the Cell Cycle

 G1 - primary growth phase

S – synthesis; DNA replicated
 G2 - secondary growth phase
collectively these 3 stages are called interphase
M – mitosis/meiosis
C - cytokinesis

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 Interphase - G1 Phase
1st growth stage after cell division
Cells mature by making more cytoplasm &
organelles
Cell carries on its normal metabolic
activities

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 Interphase – S Phase
Synthesis stage
DNA is copied or replicated
Centrosome is duplicated

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 Interphase – G2 Phase
2nd Growth Stage
Occurs after DNA has been copied
All cell structures needed for division are
made.
Some cell organelles are duplicated.
The final preparation are completed before
mitosis.
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Mitosis

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 Mitosis
A multistep process during
which the duplicated
chromosomes are aligned,
separated, and moved to
the opposite poles of the
cell and then are divided
into two new identical
daughter cells.
Has four stages: PMAT
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 Four Mitotic Stages

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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 Cytokinesis
Cleavage furrow Cell plate in plant
in animal cell cell

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 Identical Daughter Cells

46 chromosomes
2n
46 chromosomes
2n
46 chromosomes
2n

Parent cell 2 daughter cells

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Review
of
Mitosis

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 Name the Mitotic Stages:
Interphase

Name this?

Telophase Prophase

Name this?

Metaphase
Anaphase

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 Eukaryotic Cell Division
 Used for growth and
repair
 Produce two new
cells
identical to the original Chromosomes during
Metaphase of
cell
mitosis
are n d
 dd i ip
(2
n)
CCelellls plloioi
Prophase Metaphase )Anaphase Cytokinesis
s Telophase

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 Mitosis Animation
Name each stage as you see it occur?

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Mitosis in Onion Root Tips
Do you see any stages of mitosis?

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Draw & Learn these Stages

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Draw & Learn these Stages

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Test Yourself
over
Mitosis
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Mitosis Quiz

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Mitosis Quiz

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Name the Stages of Mitosis:
Early prophase
Early Anaphase
Metaphase

Interphase Early
Telophase,
Begin
cytokinesis

Late Late telophase,

Prophase Advanced Mid-Prophase Late
cytokinesis Anaphase
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 Identify the Stages
?
Early, Middle, & Late Prophase

? ? ?
Metaphase Anaphase
Late Prophase

? ? ?
Late Anaphase Telophase Telophase &
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 Locate the Four Mitotic
Stages in Plants

Anaphase
Telophase
Metaphase

Prophase

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 Uncontrolled Mitosis
 If mitosis is not
controlled, unlimited
cell division occurs
causing cancerous
tumors
 Oncogenes are special
proteins that
increase the chance
that a normal cell
develops into a tumor
cell Cancer cells
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 Meiosis
Formation of Gametes
(Eggs & Sperm)

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 Facts About Meiosis
Preceded by interphase which
includes chromosome replication
Two meiotic divisions --- Meiosis
I and Meiosis II
Called Reduction- division
Original cell is diploid (2n)
Four daughter cells produced that
are monoploid (1n)
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 Facts About Meiosis
Daughter cells contain half
the number of chromosomes as
the original cell
Produces gametes (eggs &
sperm)
Occurs in the testes in males
(Spermatogenesis)
Occurs in the ovaries in females
(Oogenesis) 53
 More Meiosis Facts
Start with 46 double stranded
chromosomes (2n)
After 1 division - 23 double stranded
chromosomes (n)
After 2nd division - 23 single
stranded chromosomes (n)
Occurs in our germ cells that

produce gametes

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Why Do we Need Meiosis?
It is the fundamental basis of
sexual reproduction
Two haploid (1n) gametes are
brought together through
fertilization to form a diploid
(2n) zyg
oot
tee

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Fertilization – “Putting it
all together”
2n = 6

1n =3

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 Replication of Chromosomes
 Replication is the
process of
duplicating a Occurs in
Interphase

chromosome
 Occurs prior to
division
 Replicated copies
are called
 sister
Held together at
chromatids 72
 A Replicated Chromosome

Gene X

Homologs Sister
(same genes, different Chromatids
alleles) (same genes,
same
alleles)

Homologs separate in meiosis I and therefore

different alleles separate.
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Meiosis Forms Haploid Gametes
 Meiosis must reduce the chromosome number
by half
 Fertilization then restores the 2n number
from mom from dad child

too
much!

meiosis reduces
genetic content
The right
number!
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 Meiosis: Two Part Cell
Division
Sister
chromatids
Homologs separate
separate

Meiosis Meiosis
I II

Diploid
Diploid
Haploid
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 Meiosis I: Reduction Division

Nucleus Spindle
fibers Nuclear
Early
Prophase I Late Metaphase envelope
(Chromosome Prophase I Anaphase Telophase I
number I I (diploid)
doubled)
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 Prophase I

Early prophase Late prophase

Homologs pair. Chromosomes condense.
Crossing over Spindle forms.
occurs. Nuclear envelope
fragments.
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Tetrads Form in Prophase I

Homologous chromosomes Join to form a

(each with sister chromatids) TETRAD

Called Synapsis
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 Crossing-Over
 Homologous
chromosomes in
a tetrad cross
over each
other
 Pieces of
chromosomes or
genes are
exchanged
 Produces
Genetic
recombination in 79
Homologous Chromosomes
During Crossing-Over

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 Crossing-Over

Crossing-over multiplies the already huge

number of different gamete types produced
by independent assortment 81
Metaphase I

Homologous pairs
of chromosomes
align along the
equator of the
cell

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Anaphase I

Homologs separate and move to

opposite poles.

Sister chromatids remain attached at

their centromeres.

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Telophase I

Nuclear envelopes
reassemble.

Spindle
disappears.

Cytokinesis divides cell into

two.

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 Meiosis II
Gene X Only one homolog of each
chromosome is present in
the cell.
Sister chromatids carry
identical genetic
information.

Meiosis II produces gametes with

one copy of each chromosome and
thus one copy of each gene.
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 Meiosis II: Reducing
Chromosome
Number

Prophase Metaphase
II Telophase
II
Anaphase II 4 Identical
II haploid cells

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Prophase II

Nuclear envelope
fragments.

Spindle forms.

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Metaphase II

Chromosomes align
along equator of cell.

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 Anaphase II
Equator

Pole

Sister chromatids
separate and
move to opposite
poles.

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Telophase II

Nuclear envelope
assembles.

Chromosomes
decondense.

Spindle
disappears.

Cytokinesis divides
cell into two. 75
Results of Meiosis
Gametes (egg & sperm)
form

Four haploid cells with one

copy of each chromosome

One allele of each gene

Different combinations of
alleles for different
genes along the
chromosome

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Gametogenesis
Oogenesis
or
Spermatogenesis
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 Spermatogenesis
 Occurs in the
testes
 Two divisions
produce 4
spermatids
 Spermatids mature
into sperm
 Men produce about
250,000,000
sperm per day 93
Spermatogenesis in the
Testes
Spermatid

79
Spermatogenesis

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 Oogenesis
Occurs in the ovaries
Two divisions produce 3 polar bodies
that die and 1 egg
Polar bodies die because of unequal
division of cytoplasm
Immature egg called oocyte
Starting at puberty, one oocyte
matures into an ovum (egg) every 28
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Oogenesis in the Ovaries

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 Oogenesis
First polar body
may divide a
(haploid) X
a Polar
bodies
X a die
a X
X
Mitosis Meiosis I Meiosis II
A X (if fertilization
Oogonium occurs) A
(diploid) Primary
X
oocyte
A X
(diploid) Ovum (egg) Mature
Secondary A egg
oocyte X
(haploid) Second
polar body
(haploid)
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Comparing
Mitosis and
Meiosis

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 Comparison of Divisions
Mitosis Meiosis
Number of 2
1
divisions
2 4
Number of
daughter
cells Yes No
Genetically
Same as parent Half of parent
identical? Somatic cells Germ cells
Chromosome # Throughout life At sexual
Where maturity

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