ELECTRIC

DISTRIBUTION
PROCESS
Batangas State University
Balayan Campus
January 23, 2019
ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM

 An Electric Power System is a

network of electrical components
used to supply, transmit and use
electric power.
ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM
Electric Power System Process

1. Generation
2. Transmission
3. Distribution
4. Utilization
Generation
 Generation of electrical power is a process
whereby energy is transformed into an
electrical form. It covers the selection,
design and construction of facilities that
convert energy from primary forms to
electric power.
Transmission
 Through transmission, the electricity is
transported to load locations from a power
station to transmission subsystem. The
transmission system is sub-divided into:
 BulkTransmission System
 Subtransmission System
Distribution
 Distribution System transports the power
from the transmission system/substation to
the customer. It is a system of wires and
associated facilities that belong to a
franchised Distribution Utility, extending
between delivery points on the
Transmission or Sub-Transmission system
or generator connection and the point of
connection to the premises of end users.
Utilization
 Utilization is the end result of the
generation, transmission and distribution
of electric power. The energy carried by
the transmission and distribution system is
turned into useful work, light, heat or a
combination of these items at the
utilization point.
Power Substation
 This is where the transition from
transmission to distribution happens. It
transforms voltage from high to low, or the
reverse, or perform any of several other
important functions. It changes the voltage
levels between high transmission voltages
and lower distribution voltages, or two
different transmission voltages.
Types of Substation
 Transmission Substation
 Distribution Substation
 Collector Substation
 Converter Substation
 Switching Substation
 Railways
 Mobile Substation
Transmission Substation
 It connects two or more transmission lines.
 The simplest case is where all
transmission lines have the same voltage.
In such cases, substation contain high-
voltage switches that allow lines to be
connected or isolated for fault clearance or
maintenance.
Distribution Substation
 It transfers power from the transmission
system to the distribution system of an
area.
 This is where the residential, commercial
and industrial units are commonly
connected.
Collector Substation
 This substation is most commonly required
in a distributed generation projects.
 It resembles a distribution substation
although power flow is in the opposite
direction, from the generation unit to the
transmission grid.
Converter Substation
 These stations contain power electronic
devices which change the frequency of
current or else convert from AC to DC or
reverse.
 Most commonly associated with HVDC
converter plants, traction current or
interconnected non-synchronous network.
Switching Station
 A switching station is a substation without
transformers and operating only at a single
voltage level.
 A switching station may also be known as
a switchyard.
Railways
 Electrified railways also use substations,
often distribution substations.
 In some cases, a conversion of current
types takes place, commonly with rectifiers
for DC trains or rotary converters for trains
using AC at frequencies other than that of
the public grid.
Mobile Substation
 A mobile substation is a substation on
wheels, containing a transformer, breakers
and bus work mounted on a self-contained
semi-trailer, meant to be pulled by a truck.
 In some cases, a conversion of current
types takes place, commonly with rectifiers
for DC trains or rotary converters for trains
using AC at frequencies other than that of
the public grid.
Elements of Distribution S/S
 Electrical Power Transformers
 Instrument Transformers
 Conductors and Insulators
 Isolators
 Bus bars
 Lightning Arresters
 Circuit Breakers
 Relays
 Capacitor Banks and Miscellaneous Equipments
Electrical Power Transformers
 A static device used for transforming power from
one circuit to another circuit without changing its
frequency.
 These transformer is generally used to step
down or step up the voltage levels of a system
for generation and transmission purpose.
Electrical Power Transformers
Instrument Transformers
Instrument transformers come in two various
types:
 Current Transformers
 Potential Transformers
These are used for metering purposes. The CT
and PT are responsible to transform the current
and voltage, respectively, to provide accurate
reading for meters and acceptable level for the
protection relays.
Instrument Transformers

Potential Transformer Current Transformer

Conductors
 It allows the flow of electric charge. It permits the
free movement of the flow of electrons through
them.

Insulators
 Metals which do not allow the free movement of
electrons or electric charge. They resist
electricity with their high resisting property.
 Insulator

Conductor
Isolators
 It is a manually operated mechanical swithc that
isolate the faulty section or the section of a
conductor or a part of a circuit of substation
meant for repair from a healthy section.

Bus Bars
 They are the conductors which carry current and
having multiple numbers of incoming and
outgoing line connections.
Isolator Busbar
Lightning Arresters
 These are placed to pass the entire lightning
surges to earth since all substation equipments
are erected outdoor.

Circuit Breakers
 These are used to protect the substation and its
componetns from the over currents or over load
due to short circuit or any other fault. It is used to
isolate the faulty section from the healthy section
either manually or automatically.
Lightning Arresters Circuit Breakers
Relays
 These are used for disconnection of the circuits
by manual or automatic operation. It consists of
coil which is excited or energized to break or
make a circuit connection.

Capacitor bank
 It is a set of many identical capacitors connected
in series or parallel within an enclosure and is
used for power factor correction and basic
protection of the substation.
Relays Capacitor Bank
Typical Layout of Substation
Distribution Utility (DU)
 Any Electric Cooperative, private
corporation, government-owned utility, or
exiting local government unit, which has
an exclusive franchise to operate a
Distribution System in accordance with its
franchise and EPIRA.
 BATELEC I
Coverage Area

Land Area 93,742 ha.

Municipalities 12
Barangays 364
Sitios 731
CONSUMERS

Residential 137,474

Low Voltage 17,002

High Voltage 1,121

TOTAL 155,597

*As of December 2016

OVERHEAD DISTRIBUTION LINE
Distribution Line Type Length (km)
Three Phase Line 4W, 13.2 kV 363.84

Vee Phase Line 3W, 13.2 kV 55.04

Single Phase Line 2W, 7.62 kV 871.57

Open Secondary Line 240 V 588.62

Underbuild Secondary 240 V 1094.24674

TOTAL 2973.33
DISTRIBUTION PLANNING PROCESS
Attributes for Performance Assessment
 Capacity
 Safety
 Power Quality
 Reliability
 System Loss
 Electrification
 Customer Service
SUBSTATION CAPACITY
Maximum Rated Peak Demand,
Substation
Capacity, MVA MW
Taal 5MVA S/S 6.25 4.421
Taal 10MVA S/S 12.5 8.589
Palanas 10MVA S/S 12.5 8.716
Mataas na Bayan 10MVA S/S 12.5 9.074
Balayan 5MVA S/S 6.25 deactivated
Balayan 10MVA S/S 12.5 9.412
Calatagan 10MVA S/S 12.5 7.364
Nasugbu (1) 10MVA S/S 12.5 8.202
Nasugbu (2) 10MVA S/S 12.5 10.494
Natipuan 10MVA S/S 12.5 4.428
Calaca 10MVA Mobile S/S 12.5 8.543
TOTAL 125 79.2
Safety Assessment
 This is done to ensure the safety of the
DU’s property and its consumer.
 Every section is protected through their
feeders with various types of protective
relays for overcurrent and overloading
conditions.
 Every substation are also protected with
circuit breakers, arresters and relays.
Power Quality Analysis
 This analysis is done to guarantee the
avoidance of the undervoltage and
overvoltage conditions.
 Voltage level per feeder should be
maintained at +/- 10% tolerance.
 The maximum voltage unbalance should
be set to a standard of 2.5%.
Reliability Assessment
Electric utilities use several indicators to
analyze the power reliability.
 System Average Interruption Frequency
Index (SAIFI)
 System Average Interruption Duration
Index (SAIDI)
 Momentary Average Interruption
Frequency Index (MAIFI)
System Loss
Total system loss constitutes the following:
 Technical Loss
 Non-Technical Loss
 Administrative Loss
 Electrification

The area
covered by
BATELEC I
is 100%
energized.
Customer Service
The main goal of the distribution utility is to
provide an efficient and effective customer
service. This will transpire once all the
attributes of the DU are satisfied.
The achievement of this goal should be a
cooperative between the DU and the
consumer.