FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION – is a
grouping of data into categories showing
the number of observations in each of the
non-overlapping classes.
- is a tabular summary of a set of data that
shows the frequency or number of data
items that fall in each of several distinct
classes.
DEFINING SOME TERMS:
1. RAW DATA – is the data collected in original form
2. RANGE – is the difference of the highest and the lowest value in a
distribution
3. CLASS LIMITS (or APPARENT LIMITS) – is the highest and lowest
values describing a class.
4. CLASS BOUNDERIES ( or REAL LIMITS) is the upper or lower
values of a class for a group frequency distribution whose values has
additional decimal place more than the class limits and end with the
digit 5.
5. INTERVAL (or WIDTH) – is the distance between the class lower
boundary and the class upper boundary and it is denoted by the symbol
i.
6. FREQUENCY (f) – is the number of values in a specific class of a
frequency distribution.
7. RELATIVE FREQUENCY (rf) – is the value obtained when the
frequencies in each class of the frequency distribution is divided by the
total number of values.
8. PERCENTAGE – is obtained by multiplying the relative frequency
by 100%.
9. CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY (cf) – is the sum of the frequencies
accumulated up to the upper boundary of a class in a frequency
distribution.
10. MIDPOINT – is the point halfway between the class limits of each
class and is representative of the data within the class.
 CLASS Class Midpoint
LIMIT TALLY f Boundaries (X) Cf <, cf> rf fxm
7 - 32 IIIIIII 7 6.5 – 32.5 19.5 7 30 0. 233 136.5
33 – 58 III 3 32.5 – 58.5 45.5 10 23 0.1 136.5
59 - 84 IIII 4 58.5 – 84.5 71.5 14 20 0.133 286
85 – 110 IIIII 5 84.5 – 110.5 97.5 19 16 0.167 487.5
111 – 136 III 3 110.5 – 136.5 123.5 22 11 0.1 370.5
137 – 162 0 136.5 – 162.5 149.5 22 8 0 0
163 – 188 III 3 162.5 – 188.5 175.5 25 8 0.1 526.5
189 – 214 II 2 188.5 – 214.5 201.5 27 5 0.067 403
215 – 240 III 3 214.5 – 240.5 227.5 30 3 0.1 682.5
Compute for the ff:
1. Mean 2. Median 3. Mode

CLASS CLASS
LIMITS f X BOUNDARIES fx cf < rf %
18 - 26 1
27 - 35 3
36 - 44 6
45 - 53 10
54 - 62 15
63 - 71 4
72 - 80 2
n=
CLASS
LIMITS f Xm – X((Xm – X)/s)^3 (Xm – X)/s ((Xm – X)/s)^4
18 - 26 3 -27.18 -8.37 -2.03 16.98
27 - 35 5 -18.18 -2.46 -1.35 3.32
36 - 44 9 -9.18 -0.31 -0.68 0.21
0.00000001/
45 - 53 14 -0.18 -0.0000001 -0.01 1 x 10 ^ -8
54 - 62 11 8.82 0.29 0.66 0.19
63 - 71 6 17.82 3.35 1.33 3.13
72 - 80 2 26.82 8 2.00 16
n = 50 n=0.50 =39.83
A. Compute
CLASS Xm – (Xm – X) ((Xm – ((X – X)/s)^3 f(Xm – X)
for the the ff: LIMITS f X (Xm – X)/s X)/s)^4
1. Mean
2. Median 1 – 7 1
3. Mode 8 – 14 3
4. Standard 15 – 21 6
Deviation
5. Kurt
6. Sk 22 – 28 5
B. Describe 29 – 35 1
the
computed 36 – 42 10
value 43 - 49 4
DETERMINING CLASS INTERVAL:
1. RULE 1:
SUGGESTED CLASS INTERVAL = Range/Number of Classes = HV –
LV/ k
Where: HV = highest value ina data set
LV = lowest value in a data set
K = number of classes
i = suggested class interval
2. RULE 2:
Suggested Class Interval = Range / 1 + 3.322 (logarithm of total
frequencies)
3. RULE 3:
Suggested Class Interval = HV – LV/Number of Classes
MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
CENTRAL TENDENCY – refers to a central reference
value which is usually close to the point of greatest
concentration of the measurements and may in some
sense be bought to typify the whole set.
- Commonly referred to as an average, is a single value
that represents a data set.
- Its purpose is to locate the center of the data set.
ARITHMETIC MEAN, often called as the mean, is the most frequently used
measure of central tendency. Is commonly understood as the arithmetic
average.
- is appropriate to determine the central tendency of an interval or ratio data.
PROPERTIES OF MEAN
1. A set of data that has only one mean.
2. Mean can be applied for interval and ratio data.
3. All values in the data set are included in computing the mean.
4. The mean is very useful in comparing two or more data sets.
5. Mean is affected by the extreme small or large values on a data set.
6. The mean cannot be computed for the data in a frequency distribution
with an open-ended class
7. Mean is most appropriate in symmetrical data.
WEIGHTED MEAN – is particularly
useful when various classes or groups
contribute differently to the total. It is
found by multiplying each value by its
corresponding weight and dividing by
the sum of weights.
MEDIAN – is the midpoint of the data ray.
- is the central value of an ordered distribution.
PROPERTIES OF MEDIAN
1. The median is unique, there is only one median for a set of data.
2. The median is found by arranging the set of data from lowest or
highest (or highest to lowest) and getting the value of the middle
observation.
3. Median is not affected by the extreme small or large values.
4. Median can be computed for an open-ended frequency distribution
5. Median can be applied for ordinal, interval and ratio data
6. Median is most appropriate in a skewed data.
MODE – is the value in a data set that appears most
frequently. Like the median and unlike the mean, extreme
values in a data set do not affect the mode.
UNIMODAL – a data set that has only one value that occur
the greatest frequency
BIMODAL – if the data has two values with the same
greatest frequency
MULTIMODAL – if the data set have more than two modes
NO MODE – a data set values have the same number
frequency
PROPERTIES OF MODE
1. The mode is found by locating the most frequently
occurring value
2. The mode is the easiest average to compute
3. There can be more than one mode or even no mode in
any given data set.
4. Mode is not affected by the extreme small or large
values.
5. Mode can be applied for nominal, ordinal, interval and
ratio data.
DATA ARRAY – the data set is ordered
whether ascending or descending.
- is an appropriate measure of central
tendency for data that are ordinal or above,
but is more valuable in an ordinal type of
data.
MIDRANGE – is the average of the lowest and highest
value in a data set.
PROPERTIES OF THE MIDRANGE
1. The midrange is easy to compute
2. The midrange gives the midpoint
3. The midrange is unique
4. Midrange is affected by the extreme small or large
values
5. Midrange can be applied for interval and ratio data.
MEASURES OF DISPERSION AND LOCATION
STANDARD DEVIATION – is a statistical term that provides a good indication
of volatility. It measures how widely values are dispersed from the average.
- Is calculated as the square root of variance.
DISPERSION – is the difference between the actual value and the average
value
RANGE – is the simplest and easiest way to determine measure of dispersion.
It is the difference of the highest value and the lowest value in the data set.
AVERAGE DEVIATION – is the absolute difference between that element and
a given point. It is a summary statistic of statistical dispersion or variability. It is
also called the mean absolute deviation.
VARIANCE – is a mathematical expectation of the average squared deviations
from the mean.