THE DISCIPLINE OF COUNSELING

DepEd K-12 Faculty Training

DMMMSU-SLUC, Agoo, La Union
15-17 July 2017 Madelyn P. Niño, MA Psychology
 LEARNING COMPETENCIES
1. Identify goals and scope of counseling
2. demonstrate comprehension of the principles of
counseling
3. discuss the core values of counseling
4. show understanding of the roles and functions
of counselors
5. identify specific work areas in which counselors
work and their career opportunities
It is allied to Psychology and deals with
normal responses to normal life events,
which may sometimes create stress, in
turn, choose to ask for help and support

(Sampa, 2017)
 A relationship between a counselor and a client
characterized by application of psychological
theories in helping the latter deal with his intimate
concerns, problems, aspirations (Sampa 2013)
COUNSELING
• The counselee brings his
experiences in living
• The counselor brings his training
and understanding
Charles H. & Erica Morris, 1997. Introduction to Counseling; Manila: CSM.
Common Problems Common Misconceptions
1. Relationship 1. A person seeing a counselor
2. Family has mental health
3. Academic 2. Counselling means giving
4. Financial advice
5. Personal 3. Counselling is part of the
discipline board
4. A counselor is a problem
solver
5. Counselling is brain washing
 “Kailangan Ko’y Ikaw”
• Make a concept map showing the persons
they turn to in times of troubles and
uncertainties.
• Present it to class (7 minutes)
It is the heart of the
guidance services
 The client defines his
problems through the
guidance of the counselor
Uses appraisal and
assessment
 Goals of Counseling

1. assist clients to heal

past emotional
deprivation
 Goals of Counseling

2. manage current
problems
 Goals of Counseling

3. handle transitions
- adjustments
 Goals of Counseling

4. make decisions from

available choices or
options
 Goals of Counseling

5. manage crises
 Goals of Counseling

6. develop
specific life skills
SCOPE OF COUNSELING
• Application
of psychological theories
SCOPE OF COUNSELING
• Application of communication
skills: active listening
SCOPE OF COUNSELING
Professional relationship
(Counselee-counselor)
Not extended to friendship
SCOPE OF COUNSELING
Does not deal
with clinical cases
• Personal
• Social
• Cognitive
• Behavioral
• Psychological
• Emotional
• Spiritual
• Occupational
• Health
• It does deal with clinical cases
 Situational Analysis
• Cases of students suffering from physical
violence as a result of bullying in school
• Cases of students’ absenteeism
• Choosing a career track in SHS
• Students suicidal attempts in school
• Cases of students’ with clinical depression and
self- mutilation behavior
Check your understanding!

LIKE or DISLIKE?
 The
Maintaining
Change

Counseling
Process
 Principles of Counseling
• Advice in the form of options
• Reassurance – giving them courage to face a
problem with confidence
• Release of emotional tension- results to
relaxation, ends mental blockage

Activity: pillow catharsis

 Principles of Counseling
• Clarified thinking – result of catharsis and
dialogue between the counselee and
counselor
• Reorientation – change in the client’s
emotional self through a change in basic goals
and aspirations.
 Principles of Counseling
• Listening skills
• Respect
• Empathy and positive regard
 Principles of Counseling
• Clarification, confrontation, and interpretation
• Transference and countertransference

Activity:
Attach the principles
to the steps of counseling process
 of COUNSELING

• Respect for human dignity

• Partnership
• Autonomy
• Responsible caring
• Personal caring
• Personal integrity
• Social justice
• Respect for human dignity- the
counselor must provide a client
unconditional positive regard,
compassion, non-judgemental attitude,
empathy, and trust.
• Partnership- A counselor has to foster
partnership with the various disciplines
that come together to support an
integrated healing that encompasses
various aspects such as the physical,
emotional, spiritual and intellectual.
These relationship should be of integrity,
sensitivity, openness to ensure health,
healing, and growth of clients.
• Autonomy- this entails respect for
confidentiality and trust in a relationship
of counseling and ensuring a safe
environment that is needed for healing.
It also means that healing or any advice
cannot be imposed on a client.
• Responsible Caring
-this primarily means respecting the
potential of every human being to change
and continue learning throughout his/her
life and especially in the environment of
counselling.
• Personal Integrity
- Counselors must reflect personal
integrity, honesty, and truthfulness with
clients.
• Social Justice
- Accepting and respecting the diversity of
the clients, the diversity of individuals,
their cultures, languages, lifestyles,
identities, ideologies, intellectual
capacities, personalities, and capabilities
regardless of the presented issues.
• Identify which Core Value of Counselling is
being expressed in the cases below.
1. After laying down and explaining options for
Carlo, the Counselor respects his counselee’s
decision even if in his own perspective, it was
not a wise move. Thus he wished him well.
What does the counsellor value?
2. The counselor honestly accepts his
limitations before his client, that he is not
trained to treat them obsessive-compulsive
disorder. Thus, he refers him to a
psychologist.
3. The Counselor’s appreciation and
respect for Ilokano people remained after
his client divulged that his rapist is an
Ilokano.
4. A pretty young lady came to you for
counselling. You have heard she sells her
body for her tuition fee. But you accepted
her anyway. As a counsellor, what do you
value?
5. The Counsellor refers to a Pastor nearby for
spiritual counselling. She also invites him as a
facilitator in recollections. Every Christmas
Season, she sends Christmas card as an
appreciation for the professional linkages. What
does the counsellor value?
6. What does the counsellor value when he
patiently encourages his alcoholic counselee
who has been going to him again and again for
repeated cycles of addiction?Despite the
repeated falls, the counselor believes that the
couselee will soon find his ways to a 180 degree
change.
Professionals and
Practitioners in
Counseling
Roles of Guidance Counselors

trained, accredited,
paid for counseling services
RA 9258
 Roles of Guidance Counselors

To assist
- client in behavioral or attitudinal change
- seek achievement of goals
- find help
Roles of Guidance Counselors

- teach social skills

Roles of Guidance Counselors
Roles of Guidance Counselors
 Roles of Guidance Counselors

- In decision making
- Career choice
 Roles of Guidance Counselors

- Crisis coping
 Roles of Guidance Counselors

- Premarital and marital

- Grief and loss
- Domestic violence
- Abuse
- Terminal illness
- Emotional and mental disturbance
Name different life situations or life events when
a person might need to seek the help of a
professional counselor. List down as many as
you can within 3 minutes.
 Competencies of
Guidance Counselors
Foundation Skills (Culley and Bond)

Attending and listening skills

Foundation Skills (Culley and Bond)

Reflective skills
Foundation Skills (Culley and Bond)

Probing skills
 Competencies of Guidance
Counselors

-administer and maintain career guidance

and counseling program

- information and referral skills

- training skills
 Career Opportunities for Counselors
AREAS (in all CAREER
developmental stages) OPPORTUNITIES
Child Development
Adolescent Youth Counselor
Development
Gerontology
 Career Opportunities for Counselors
AREAS (in all CAREER OPPORTUNITIES
developmental stages)
Marital Relationship Marriage Counselor
Health Mental health counselor
Career/Lifestyle Vocational or career counselor
 Career Opportunities for Counselors
AREAS (in all CAREER
developmental stages) OPPORTUNITIES
College and University Educational and school
counselor
Drugs Addiction and Behavioral
counselor; Rehabilitation
counselor
 Career Opportunities for Counselors
AREAS (in all CAREER
developmental stages) OPPORTUNITIES
Consultation Company Counselor
Business and industry Company Counselor
Parenting Family Counselor; Genetic
Counselor
Clientele and Audiences of
Counseling
 Clientele and Audiences
• Refers to the people who go to
counseling. These are the people who
need help and support. They are the
patients.
• Individuals and groups of people who
receive service from various counseling
professions (Sampa 2017, p.39)
• Abuse drugs
• Abuse alcohol
• Abuse tobacco
• Have AIDS
• Victims of abuse
• Victims of bullying
ROLE OF COUNSELOR CLIENTELE AND THEIR NEEDS
SCHOOL COUNSELOR Students who need to resolve
personal conflicts to stressful
situations.
JOB HUNTING COACH People who need help in
finding necessary information
to get employment suitable for
them
CONFLICT MANAGER People who need help in
PROVIDER dealing with conflict in order to
deescalate it, if not resolve it
positively.
ROLE OF COUNSELOR CLIENTELE AND THEIR NEEDS
HUMAN RESOURCE PERSONNEL Employees who need to resolve
work related issues and
concerns
MARRIAGE COUNSELOR People (e.g couples and
children) who need help in
dealing with family-related
issues that threaten their unity
REHABILTATION COUNSELOR People who need help in
overcoming their problems and
mitigate the negative effects of
drug abuse.
BEREAVEMENTCOUNSELOR People who need assistance in
coping with loss
CHARACTERISTICS OF CLIENTELE AND
AUDIENCES OF COUNSELING
1. NEUROTIC DISORDER
- A long-term tendency to be in negative
emotional state. People wit neuroticism tend to
have more depressed moods- they suffer from
the feelings of guilt, envy, anger, and anxiety
more frequently and more severely than other
individuals.
2. PSYCHOTIC
- Psychotic Disorders are severe mental
disorders that cause abnormal thinking and
perceptions. People with psychoses lose
touch with reality. To of main symptoms
are delusions and hallucinations.
3. PERSONALITY DISORDER
- Involves long-term patterns of thought and
behaviors that are unhealthy and inflexible. The
behaviors cause serious problems with
relationships and work. People with personal
disorders have trouble dealing everyday
stresses.
 The INDIVIDUAL as a client of
counseling
• The most common type of counseling
• Individual needs capacitation
• Includes those who need help in managing a
life changing situation, personal problem or
crisis.
 The GROUP, ORGANIZATION, AND
COMMUNITY as a Client of Cpunseling
• It becomes more productive if problem is
taken as a team.
• Counseling as a community is necessary
when people experience something
collectively and is endangered as a
whole.
THE SETTINGS,
PROCESSES,
METHODS
AND TOOLS
IN
COUNSELING
 TOOLS
IN
COUNSELING
 PERSPECTIVES

Sigmund Freud
Unconscious forces influence behavior
Topography and Structures of the Mind

Conscious

Preconscious

Unconscious

Interaction of forces that motivate behavior

 PERSPECTIVES

Sigmund Freud
Unconscious forces influence behavior
 PERSPECTIVES

Sigmund Freud
Childhood or past experiences
determine present or future behavior.
 TOOLS/THERAPIES

Make the unconscious conscious!

“what comes to mind,” “Any thoughts about that?”

 TOOLS/THERAPIES

Make the unconscious conscious!

manifest contents are analyzed as symbolical

TOOLS/THERAPIES

Make the unconscious conscious!

sudden outpouring of emotions

 TOOLS/THERAPIES

Assumption:
feelings of inferiority are normal, not a weakness
To be human is to feel inferior
Real inferiorities
Imagined inferiorities
 TOOLS/THERAPIES

We just have to compensate for our inferiorities

in order to grow
  when a person
is unable to compensate
for normal inferiority feelings

 Inferiority Complex
 TOOLS/THERAPIES

MISTAKEN LIFESTYLES
• Ruling Type
• Leaning Type
• Avoiding Type
• Useful Type
1. Exploration of the Basic Mistakes
 TOOLS/THERAPIES

Basic mistakes:
a. Overgeneralizations

“Everyone should like me,”

“I never can do anything right,”
“Everyone is out to hurt me.”
 TOOLS/THERAPIES

Basic mistakes:
b. False or impossible goals of security
the world is working against him or her and is likely to experience
anxiety.
Ex.
“People want to take advantage of me” and “I’ll never
succeed.”
 TOOLS/THERAPIES

Basic mistakes:

c. Misperceptions of life and life’s demands.

“Life is too hard” and “I never get a break.”

 TOOLS/THERAPIES

Basic mistakes:
d. Minimization or denial of one’s worth
- expressions of worthlessness
Ex.
“I am stupid” or “No one can ever like me.”
 TOOLS/THERAPIES

Basic mistakes:
e. Faulty values
- has to do primarily with behavior.
Ex.
“You have to cheat to get your way”
“Take advantage of others before they take advantage of you.”
 TOOLS/THERAPIES

2. Exploration of Early Recollections

In a 1 whole sheet of
paper, indicate your 8
early recollections
 PERSPECTIVES

Karl Rogers, Abraham Maslow

Assumptions:
- man is basically good
- inborn tendency to grow and that certain conditions
foster their growth
- can solve his own problems
- self-actualization
TOOLS/THERAPIES

Most of the problems encountered

by humanity revolve around the
TOOLS/THERAPIES

Freedom
Isolation
Meaninglessness
Death
TOOLS/THERAPIES

Freedom
Isolation
Meaninglessness
Death
TOOLS/THERAPIES

- non-directive therapy
- client-centered therapy
- Rogerian therapy
TOOLS/THERAPIES

Techniques:
Active Listening
1. reflective, emphatic listening;
2. options exploration
TOOLS/THERAPIES

Frederick S. Perls
TOOLS/THERAPIES

GOAL OF THERAPY
TOOLS/THERAPIES
 TOOLS/THERAPIES

Critic Chair Experiencer Chair

 TOOLS/THERAPIES

- Have the client relate

to the different materials of the dream
 PERSPECTIVES

B. F. Skinner
Assumptions:
- Focus on observable behaviors
- Environment influences behavior
 PERSPECTIVES

B. F. Skinner
Assumptions:
- Clients either failed to learn skills to cope with
problems in life
OR
- have learned faulty skills and patterns
 PERSPECTIVES

B. F. Skinner
Assumptions:
- Reinforcement results to behavior
modification
 TOOLS/THERAPIES

B.F. Skinner, Albert Bandura, David Watson

• people must then learn new behavior to replace the

faulty skills they have developed and unlearn their
maladaptive behavior patterns
 TOOLS/THERAPIES

1. Classical Conditioning
F

meaningful stimulus neutral stimulus

Natural response: Salivation no connection (salivation)
 Classical Conditioning
(Ivan Pavlov)
DESCRIPTIONS EXAMPLES
S-R
Unconditioned automatically produces Food Favorite
stimulus (UCS) a response without any song
prior learning.
Unconditioned unlearned response the dog’s Happy
response (UCR) that is automatically salivation countenance
elicited by the UCS.
Conditioned previously neutral bell Classroom
stimulus (CS) stimulus
conditioned learned response to the salivation Enjoys
response (CR) conditioned stimulus class
that occurs after UCS- session
CS pairing
 TOOLS/THERAPIES

a. Aversive Conditioning
a form of therapy that reduces the frequency of undesired behavior by
pairing an aversive, unpleasant stimulus with undesired behavior.
 TOOLS/THERAPIES

B.F. Skinner, Albert Bandura, David Watson

Aversive Conditioning
- for substance use disorders, sexual disorders

Ex. Alcohol and drugs that cause nausea and vomiting, electric shock
 TOOLS/THERAPIES

B.F. Skinner

a particular action is followed

either by something
desired or by something
unwanted
Operant The behavior that is established
because of reinforcement
Positive reinforcement stimulus desired behavior
added to the situation
Negative reinforcement Stimulus desired behavior
removed from the situation
Punishment stimulus undesired behavior
added to the situation
Extinction Removal of reinforcement for a
behavior
Shaping successive Reinforcements for behaviors
that closely resemble the desired coming in to class almost on time
approximations
behavior
Continuous reinforcement Reinforcement given each time
an operant behavior occurs
Intermittent Reinforcement given following a
desired behavior but not on
reinforcement
every occasion
Student listens to teacher’s
discussion
Teacher praises student for the
excellent assignment
Teacher stops nagging the
student about homework
Teacher deducts points for
submitting late homeworks
Teacher no longer give +
comments about student’s
output
Teacher praises student for
Teacher praises student every
time the student sits still and
listen
Teacher sometimes gives reward
to those pass their projects on
time but not always
 TOOLS/THERAPIES

Albert Ellis

People commit thinking errors

TOOLS/THERAPIES
WHAT TO DO WITH THINKING
ERRORS?

Dispute and Refute!

 TOOLS/THERAPIES

William Glasser

- individuals are responsible for their own lives and for

taking control over what they do, feel, and think
- changing behaviors that will lead to modifications in
thinking and feeling
 TOOLS/THERAPIES

1. Threapeutic Relationship
is in itself a counseling technique
 TOOLS/THERAPIES

2. Questioning
“When did you leave the
house?”, “Where did you go?”, “Did you carry
out your plan?”, and “How
many stores did you visit?”
 TOOLS/THERAPIES

3. Confrontation
4. Humor