.

.
 GROUP FELLOWS

Attia Hakim Ali ( Group leader)

. Shamroz Shahzadi

Roshany

Farhan Idrees
D

Eisha Farheen
Bushra Abid
Dedicated to our favorite teacher
Mam Sana Kamran!!!
NO
Humayun Javed !!!
B SM B - F16-0 19
Requirements of Life
About 25 elements are essential to life!
Four essential elements make up 91% of the human body
C – Carbon (18%)
H – Hydrogen (10%)
O – Oxygen (60%)
N – Nitrogen (3%)
Important Chemical Bonds
IO NIC B O ND COVA L E NT B O ND

• Ions form when atoms gain or • Atoms share e-

lose an e-
• Become more stable
• Opposite charged ions attract
to form an ionic bond
SANA BATOOL ZAIDI!
B SM B - F16-0 15
Water
Man in 70% consists of water
Newborns have more water than older people
Found in many organs even in bones
25% water is in bones
65-70% of water is in the liver
80% of water is in the kidneys and lungs
75% water is in the brain
The significance of water
Provides a liquid environment inside cells & aquatic organisms.
Surface tension allows aquatic organisms move on it
Adhesion allows water to move upward against gravity in a narrow
channel (capillary force)in plants (xylem)
Water is a universal solvent
Water flushes toxins from us
Supports the work of the kidneys
Polar nature
UMER FAROOQ!
B SM B - F16-022
Types of compounds
Molecules : form when two or more atoms join together chemically. E.g.
Oxygen
Compounds : a type of molecule that contains two different elements.
E.g. water
These are of two types;
1)Inorganic compounds: Compounds which do not contain carbon are
known as inorganic compounds. Such as water , calcium, sodium etc.
2)organic compounds: Compounds which do not contain carbon are
known as inorganic compounds.
Organic Compounds
 Lipids
 Carbohydrates
 Proteins
 Nucleic acid
Lipids
Organic compounds
Insoluble in water
Soluble in an organic compound
Fatty acid
• Building blocks of lipids

• Saturated
 Single C-C bond SO
 Solid at room temperature
 Maximum number of H-atoms
USMAN YOUNAS!
B SM B - F16-017
no
• Unsaturated
 Contain one or more double bond
 Liquid at room temperature

• Cis\Trans Fatty acid

 Naturally, most double bonds are cis, hydrogen next to the double bonds are on
the same side.
 Trans, hydrogen on opposite side of the carbon.
 Trans fatty acids behave like saturated fat in the body.
no
no
 Based on their Biological functions Lipids can be classified into:
 Storage Lipids—The principle stored form of energy
 Structural Lipids– The major structural elements of Biological
Membranes
 Lipids are signals, cofactors and pigments
ATTIA HAKIM ALI!(LEADER)
B SM B - F16-0 14
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates contain the elements carbon , oxygen
and hydrogen.
Familiar carbohydrates are sugars and starch
Glucose , fructose, maltose are sugars
Glucose and fructose have the same formula
Sucrose and maltose have the same formula.
Carbohydrates provide the main source of energy for
Respiration in living organisms.
Glucose

5 of the carbon atoms may be

arranged in a ring.

A glucose molecule as a straight chain

this molecule is often represented
simply as a hexagon.
Classification of Sugars
Monosaccharide: With a single carbon ring.
e.g. glucose and fructose.

Disaccharide: 2 carbon rings.

e.g. maltose (glucose-glucose)
sucrose (glucose-fructose)
SHAMROZ SHAHZADI !
B SM B - F16-0 18
no
Polysaccharides:
- glycogen (animal cell)
-starch (plant cell)
-cellulose (cell wall of plant cells)
Other Carbohydrates
Maltose : 2 molecules of glucose can join together to form a
molecule of maltose

Sucrose : sucrose is formed when a molecule of glucose and

fructose combine.
Starch and cellulose: they are formed from the hundreds of
glucose molecules joined together in a chain.
ROSHANAY !
B SM B - F16-020
Proteins
CHON , sometimes sulfur , phosphorus and trace metals as iron and copper;
second most abundant (10-20% of cell mass)
Building blocks: Amino acids----about 20 amino acids
Essential amino acids (8)--- taken in with food
Non-essential (12)--- synthesized by body
Amino acid can be a base (proton acceptor) or an acid (proton donor)
 linked by peptide bonds which break during hydrolysis
Deficiency: brittle nails, rough scaly skin, rough lackluster hair
Extreme deficiency: kwashiorkor
Functions of proteins
Constitute frame work of cytoplasm
Release energy when oxidized
Source of enzymes and hormones
Repair damaged and worn-out tissues
FARHAN IDREES !
B SM B - F16-013
Two types of Proteins
Fibrous proteins:
with extended strand like appearance
linear, insoluble in water and very stable
 provides support and tensile strength to body tissues
 “structural proteins”, most exhibit 2 degree structure ,others 4 degree
 examples: leather, hair, nuclear membrane, ER, mitochondrion
no
Globular proteins:
Compact , spherical , exhibit 3 degree to 4 degree structures
Water soluble, mobile, chemically active
“functional proteins”
Dissolved in cellular fluids
Examples : antibody molecules, enzymes, plasma proteins
EISHA FARHEEN !
B SM B - F16-024
Nucleic Acids

no Two types
1-DNA
2-RNA
The building blocks of nucleic
acids are called NUCLEOTIDES
Nucleic Acids
Chemical composition
Elements : C, H, O ,N and P
There are 2 types of nucleic acids, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and
ribonucleic acid (RNA).
DNA Structure

Sugar = De-oxyribose
Specific base pairing
Adenine-
Thymine
Guanine-
Cytosine
Forms a double helix
structure
BUSHRA ABID !
B SM B - F16-0 11
RNA Structure

Sugar = Ribose
Thymine gets replaced by
Uracil
Single stranded
Functions
DNA is used to store genetic information
It is replicated before cell division
DNA is very important so it is stored in the nucleus
It never leaves the nucleus
Your DNA stores the code for your proteins, which exhibit your “
traits”
The DNA gets converted to RNA in order to move out into the
cytoplasm
Functions
In the cytoplasm, it meets up with the ribosome, where it can
synthesize proteins
Stores genetic information
Maintains growth and repair
Controls all cellular activities
Contains protein codes
Ensures each daughter cell & gamete receives exact genetic
information
.
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