Overview of Research and

Research Process
Lesson 1

Napoleon K. Taguiling, PhD

Campus Administrator
Ifugao State University-Lagawe Campus
Professor VI,

Lecture delivered for the Graduate students of IFSU

Lagawe Campus August 31, 2019

10/8/14
What is research?
The word research is composed of two syllables, re and search.
re is a prefix meaning again, anew or over again, search is a verb
meaning to examine closely and carefully, to test and try, or to
probe. Together they form a noun describing a careful, systematic,
patient study and investigation in some field of knowledge,
undertaken to establish facts or principles.
It is a systematic and unbiased way of solving a problem (by
answering questions or supporting hypotheses) through
generating verifiable data.’ This is the fundamental definition we
need, so we need to understand systematic, unbiased,
hypotheses and verifiable, all of which we will examine later.
What is Research?

1. Systematic – research process

2. Logical – induction/deduction
3. Empirical – evidence based
4. Reductive – generalisation
5. Replicable – methodology.
Characteristics of Research
• systematic process
• refined process
• controlled process
• empirical - conclusion based on hard
evidence
• critical, careful and disciplined  
• gathers new knowledge or data from
primary or first hand sources.  
• expert  work
• carefully recorded and reported
PURPOSES AND USES OF RESEARCH
• Decision-making and planning
• Discovery of knowledge
• clarifies concepts; initiates, reformalizes, and
refocuses theories
• sheds light on assumptions
• discovers principles or laws
• tests the soundness or a theory or hypothesis on
the relations of certain factors
• tests the conclusions reached by a previous
research or a conclusion arbitrarily stated without
supporting evidence
• Solution of some recognized difficulties or felt needs
Purpose of Research…

A research problem can have any of two general purposes:

(a) the discovery of knowledge – as in the case of basic,

fundamental, or pure research; and

(b) the search for solutions to a difficulty or felt need – as in

the case of applied and action research surveys.
Research Classification

Research can be classified from three perspectives:

1. application of research study
2. objectives in undertaking the research
3. inquiry mode employed

Application:
From the point of view of application, there are two
broad categories of research:
- pure research and
- applied research.
 Research Classification Based on Application
1. Pure research involves developing and testing theories and
hypotheses…may not have application at the present time
or in the future. The knowledge produced through pure
research is sought in order to add to the existing body of
research methods.
2. Applied research- done to solve specific, practical
questions; for policy formulation, administration and
understanding of a phenomenon. It can be exploratory, but
is usually descriptive. It is almost always done on the basis
of basic research.
Research Classification based on Objectives
Objectives:
From the viewpoint of objectives, a research can be classified as:
1. Descriptive - attempts to describe systematically a situation, problem,
phenomenon, service or programme, etc.
2. Correlational research - it discover or establish the existence of a
relationship/ interdependence between two or more aspects of a
situation.
3. Explanatory research attempts to clarify why and how there is a
relationship between two or more aspects of a situation or phenomenon
4. Exploratory research is undertaken to explore an area where little is
known or to investigate the possibilities of undertaking a particular
research study (feasibility study / pilot study).
 In practice most studies are a combination of the first three categories.
Research Classification Based on Inquiry
Mode
Inquiry Mode:

From the process adopted to find answer to research questions

– the two approaches are:

1. Structured approach: The structured approach to inquiry is

usually classified as quantitative research (the main topic of
this course).

2. Unstructured approach: The unstructured approach to inquiry

is usually classified as qualitative research.
 The Research Process

The research process is the step-by-step procedure of

developing one's research — and research paper.

The research process involves identifying, locating,

assessing, analyzing, and then developing and
expressing your ideas
 Review the Available
Literature

Publish Formulate a
Findings Question
Research Process
Interpret Select an Appropriate
Findings Research Design

Collect Relevant
Data
The Research Process/Cycle
 The Research Process
1. Problem identification and development
• identifies a research topic (title)
• develops the theoretical framework
• formulates the general statement of the problem and the
specific problems (or
• purposes)
• formulates the hypothesis(es) as needed
• states the reasons for conducting the study
• states the other aspects of the problem (e.g., assumptions,
scope and delimitation, definition of terms
 The Research Process
2. Collection and analysis of data
• Development of the plan (design). Appropriate research
method(s), sources of data (population & sample),
instruments, procedure, and analysis of data.
• Actual analysis and interpretation
 classification of data,
analysis using descriptive and/or inferential statistics
presentation of the data
textual interpretation and discussion of the findings.
 The Research Process
3. Formulation of generalizations (or conclusions) and
recommendations.
 inductive phase of the interpretation of findings
 Conclusions based on the specific findings
 specific recommendations based on conclusions.

4. Reporting and implementation of the findings

- written research report
- prepared according to acceptable standards of format and
style
- implementation of the recommendations completes the
research process cycle
 The Research Process
a research problem can have any of two general purposes: (a)
the discovery of knowledge – as in the case of basic,
fundamental, or pure research; and (b) the search for
solutions to a difficulty or felt need – as in the case of applied
and action research surveys.
Where is Research Presentation in
the Research Process?

Publish finding!
Share results!
Dissemination!
Contribute new
evidence to literature!
 The Research Process
Examine a social relationship,
Asking the Research study the relevant literature Formulating the
Question Hypotheses

Contribute Develop a
new evidence research
to literature
and begin THEORY design
again

Evaluating the Analyzing Collecting

Hypotheses Data Data
Modalities of Research
Presentation
Written Research Presentation
Oral Research Presentation
Poster Research Presentation

Focus of M 304 Advanced studies

in research presentation, is on
how to effectively present
research results in written, oral
or poster forms!
 End of lesson 1

Thank you very much!