Introduction to RFID

Radio-frequency
identification (RFID)
Auto-ID Technologies
Barcode
Systems

Optical
Biometric Character
Systems Recognition
(OCR)
Auto-ID

Smart
RFID
Cards
What is RFID?
 Radio Frequency Identification
 The use of radio frequency tags to identify real
objects.

What does it mean to identify something?

Identification

 Assign IDs to objects

 Link the ID to additional information about the object
 Link the ID to complementary info
 Find similar objects
RFID system components

Ethernet
RFID
Reader

RFID Tag RF Antenna Network Workstation

Active and Passive Tags
Active tags
Passive tags
Powered by an internal
• Operate without battery
battery • Derive power from the
Finite lifetime
field generate by the reader
• Less expensive
Greater range and
• Unlimited life
higher data transmission rate • Require more powerful
readers
Better noise immunity.
 RFID Hardware
IC or microprocessor
Magnetic / Inductive Coupling

Transceiver
Tag Reader RFID
antenna Tag

Propagation Coupling
antenna

Transceiver
RFID
Tag Reader
Tag
antenna

antenna
Carrier Frequencies
 What is frequency?
 Refers to the property of radio waves used to transmit
data
 RFID systems may use a particular frequency band
depending on:
Application Legislature Cost considerations
Low frequency band(100-500 kHz)
Short to medium read range, inexpensive, low
reading speed
Access control
Animal/Human identification
Inventory Control

Medium frequency band(10-15 MHz)

Short to medium read range
Potentially inexpensive
Medium reading speed
Smart Cards

High frequency band(UHF: 850-950MHz Microwave: 2.4 – 5.8

GHz)
Long read range
High reading speed
-Line of sight required (Microwave)
Expensive
e.g.- Railroad car monitoring -Toll collection systems (OGS)
RFID Real tags: Smart labels
A paper label
with RFID inside

an antenna,
printed, etched
or stamped ...

… and a chip … on a substrate

attached to it e.g. a plastic
foil ...

10
 Tag Physical Forms
 Disk and Coins – can be attached to •Keys or Key Fobs, Watches –
an item by a fastening screw access control
 Glass Transponders can be implanted under skin
 A tag contain an identifier
1 bit-128 bit
Data programming option
 Read-only Cheap
Write once read many
 Read/write
Expensive

Why Use Read/Write Tags?

 Greater flexibility
 Customers may change requirements
Standards may change
Database dependence
Ownership issues
Lag times
 Range – the working distance between a tag and a
reader
Range

Range depends on both rfid tag and reader.

Power of Rfid reader and tag
And also on environment
Reader
Toll system
What’s so special about RFID?
 Line of sight is not required
 Longer read ranges
 Faster: hundreds of items can be scanned in one read
EM18-Rfid Reader Module

EM18 - RFID Reader Pinout

Pin Number Description
VCC Should be connected to positive of power source.
GND Should be connected to ground.
BUZZ Should be connected to BUZZER
NC No Connection
NC No Connection
SEL SEL=1 then o/p =RS232
SEL=0then o/p=WEIGAND
TX DATA is given out through
TX of RS232
DATA1 WEIGAND interface DATA
HIGH pin
DATA0 WEIGAND interface DATA
LOW pin
Connection with Arduino
Arduino connection
MFRC522
 Pin description
Pin Number Description
VCC to 3.3 volts

GND Should be connected to ground

RST It resets the device at rising edge.when goes low.

MISO / SCL / Tx this pin acts as Master-In-Slave-Out when SPI interface

is enabled, acts as serial clock when I2C interface is
enabled and acts as serial data output when UART
interface is enabled.

MOSI (Master Out Slave In) it is SPI input to the RC522 module.

SCK (Serial Clock) accepts clock pulses provided by the SPI bus Master
i.e. Arduino.

SS / SDA / Rx pin acts as Signal input when SPI interface is enabled,

acts as serial data when I2C interface is enabled and
acts as serial data input when UART interface is enabled.
 Applications of Rfid
transportation building access
library tracking, pallet tracking,
payments control,

apparel and shipping container

airline baggage identification tracking, and truck
pharmaceutical and trailer tracking
tracking, badges,
items tracking. in shipping yards.

car keys.
Thank you