Petrucci • Harwood • Herring • Madura

GENERAL
Ninth
Edition

CHEMISTRY
Principles and Modern Applications

Chapter 8: Electrons in Atoms

Philip Dutton
University of Windsor, Canada
Prentice-Hall © 2007

Slide 1 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 Atomic Theory

Dalton proposed that each chemical element is

composed of atoms of a single, unique type, and
though they cannot be altered or destroyed by
chemical means, they can combine to form more
complex structures (chemical compounds)
JJ Thomson
Rutherford Model
Bohr Model Sub atomic
world
Quantum Mechanical Model
 8-1 Electromagnetic Radiation

 Electric and magnetic fields

propagate as waves through
empty space or through a
medium.
 A wave transmits energy.

Slide 3 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 EM Radiation

Low 

High 

Slide 4 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 Frequency, Wavelength and Velocity

 Frequency () in Hertz—Hz or s-1.

 Wavelength (λ) in meters—m.
◦ cm m nm  pm
(10-2 m) (10-6 m) (10-9 m) (10-10 m) (10-12 m)

 Velocity (c)—2.997925  108 m s-1.

c = λ λ = c/ = c/λ

Slide 5 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 Electromagnetic Spectrum

Slide 6 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 Refraction of Light

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 9-2 Atomic Spectra

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

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General Chemistry: Chapter8 8 Prentice-Hall
Prentice-Hall
© 2007
© 2007
 Atomic Spectra

Helium

Hydrogen

Slide 9 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 8-4 The Bohr Atom

-RH
E= 2
n

RH = 2.179  10-18 J

Slide 10 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 Energy-Level Diagram

-RH -RH
ΔE = Ef – Ei = 2
– 2
nf ni
1 1
= RH ( 2 – ) = h = hc/λ
ni nf 2

Slide 11 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 Ionization Energy of Hydrogen

1 1
ΔE = RH ( 2 – ) = h
ni nf 2

As nf goes to infinity for hydrogen starting in the ground state:

1
h = RH ( 2 ) = RH
ni

This also works for hydrogen-like species such as He+ and Li2+.

h = -Z2 RH

Slide 12 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Prentice-Hall © 2007

8-5 Two Ideas Leading to a New Quantum
Mechanics
 Wave-Particle Duality
 Einstein suggested particle-like
properties of light could explain the
photoelectric effect.
 Diffraction patterns suggest photons
are wave-like.
 deBroglie, 1924
 Small particles of matter may at times
display wavelike properties. Louis de Broglie
Nobel Prize 1918

Slide 13 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 de Broglie and Matter Waves

E = mc2
h = mc2
h/c = mc = p
p = h/λ

λ = h/p = h/mu

Slide 14 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 The Uncertainty Principle
h
Werner Heisenberg Δx Δp ≥
4π

Heisenberg and Bohr

Slide 15 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 Constructive and Destructive Interference

Slide 16 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 Examples of Interference

Slide 17 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 8-6 Wave Mechanics
 Standing waves.
 Nodes do not undergo displacement.

2L
λ= , n = 1, 2, 3…
n

Slide 18 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 Wave Functions

 ψ, psi, the wave function.

 Should correspond to a
standing wave within the
boundary of the system being
described.
 Particle in a box.
2  n x 
ψ  sin  
L  L 

Slide 19
28 of 50 General Chemistry:Chapter
General Chemistry: Chapter8 8 Prentice-Hall
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© 2007
© 2007
 Probability of Finding an Electron

Slide 20 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 Wave Functions for Hydrogen
 Schrödinger, 1927 Eψ = H ψ

 H (x,y,z) or H (r,θ,φ)
ψ(r,θ,φ) = R(r) Y(θ,φ)

R(r) is the radial wave function.

Y(θ,φ) is the angular wave function.

Slide 21 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 Principle Shells and Subshells
Principle electronic shell, n = 1, 2, 3…
Angular momentum quantum number,
l = 0, 1, 2…(n-1)

l = 0, s
l = 1, p Magnetic quantum number,
l = 2, d ml= - l …-2, -1, 0, 1, 2…+l
l = 3, f

Slide 22 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 Orbital Energies

Slide 23 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 9-8 Interpreting and Representing the
Orbitals of the Hydrogen Atom.

Slide 24 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 s orbitals

Slide 25 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 p Orbitals

Slide 26 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 p Orbitals

Slide 27 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 d Orbitals

Slide 28 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 9-9 Electron Spin: A Fourth Quantum
Number

Slide 29 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 Stern-Gerlach Experiment

Slide 30 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 8-10 Multi-electron Atoms

Schrödinger equation was for only one e-.

Electron-electron repulsion in multi-
electron atoms.
Hydrogen-like orbitals (by approximation).

Slide 31 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 Penetration and Shielding

Zeff is the effective nuclear charge.

Slide 32 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 8-11 Electron Configurations

Aufbau process.
 Build up and minimize energy.
Pauli exclusion principle.
 No two electrons can have all four quantum
numbers alike.
Hund’s rule.
 Degenerate orbitals are occupied singly first.

Slide 33 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 Orbital Energies

Slide 34 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 Orbital Filling

Slide 35 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 Aufbau Process and Hunds Rule

Slide 36 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 Filling p Orbitals

Slide 37 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Prentice-Hall © 2007

 Filling the d Orbitals

Slide 38 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Prentice-Hall © 2007

Slide 39 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Prentice-Hall © 2007
 8-12 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table

Slide 40 of 50 General Chemistry: Chapter 8 Prentice-Hall © 2007