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ُ‫الت َّ ْج ِو يد‬ By Musa Abuzaghleh

AT-TAJWID
AS-SIFAAT ‫الصفَات‬
ِّ
As-sifaat: are the attributes or characteristics of
letters.
There are two categories of Sifaat:
1. ‫ات ََل ِز َمة‬
ٌ َ‫(صف‬attached
ِ attributes)
2. ‫ضيَّة‬ِ ‫ع ْر‬ ٌ َ ‫صف‬
َ ‫ات‬ ِ (presented or occasional attributes)
 There are also two types of Sifaat:
1. ‫ضد‬ ِ ‫ات لَ َها‬
ٌ َ ‫صف‬ِ (Attributes that have opposites)
2. ‫ض َّد لَ َها‬
ِ ‫ات ََل‬
ٌ َ ‫صف‬
ِ (Attributes that do not have opposites)
‫الصفَات ‪AS-SIFAAT‬‬
‫ِّ‬
‫ِصفَاتٌ لَ َها ِضد‬
‫ْال َج ْهر)‪(Apparent‬‬ ‫ْال َه ْمس )‪(Whisper‬‬
‫َاوة)‪(Loose‬‬
‫الرخ َ‬
‫ِ‬ ‫الت َّ َوسط )‪(Moderate‬‬ ‫الش َدة )‪(Strong‬‬
‫ِ‬

‫الت َّ ْف ِخيم )‪(Heavy‬‬ ‫الت َّ ْر ِقيق )‪(Light‬‬


‫اإل ْس ِتفَال )‪(Lowering‬‬
‫ِ‬ ‫اإل ْس ِت ْع ََلء )‪(Elevation‬‬
‫ِ‬
‫اإل ْن ِفتَاح )‪(Opening‬‬
‫ِ‬ ‫اإل ْ‬
‫طبَاق )‪(Closure‬‬ ‫ِ‬
AS-SIFAAT ‫الصفَات‬
ِّ
1. ‫س َو ا ْل َج ْه ُر‬
ُ ‫ا ْل َه ْم‬:
Al-Hams: this known as whisper. It means to fully run
your breath when pronouncing the letters that belong to
this category. There are ten letters
ْ‫سكَت‬ ٌ ‫فَ َحثَّهُ ش َْخ‬
َ ‫ص‬
Al-Jahr: is to completely imprison or block the running
of breath when pronouncing the remaining letters of
Arabic.
AS-SIFAAT ‫الصفَات‬
ِّ
2. ُ‫اوة‬
َ ‫والر َخ‬
ِ ‫ط‬ ُ ‫س‬
ُّ ‫الش َّدةُ َوالتَّو‬:
ِ
 ُ‫الش َّدة‬
ِ Ash-Shidda: these are the strong letters that require you to
block or imprison the running of the sound of the letter when
pronouncing it. There are 8 letters in this category:
‫أ َ ِج ُد قَ ٍط بَ َك ْت‬
 ُّ ‫ التَّو‬At-Tawassut: these are the moderate letters that require
‫سط‬
you to partially run and partially imprison the sound of the letter
when pronouncing it. There are 5 letters in this category:
ُ ‫ِل ْن‬
‫ع َم ْر‬
 ُ‫اوة‬
َ ‫الر َخ‬
ِ Ar-Rikhawa or Ar-Rakhawa: are the loose letters that
require you to fully run the sound of the letter when pronouncing it
until the next letter is heard. The letters of this category are the
remaining Arabic letters.
AS-SIFAAT ‫الصفَات‬
ِّ
ُ ‫الت َّ ْف ِخي ُم َو الت َّ ْر ِقي‬:
3. ‫ق‬
 ‫ الت َّ ْف ِخي ُم‬At-Tafkheem: these are the full mouth letters that require
you to thicken the tongue when pronouncing them. There are 7
letters that are always heavy or full mouth and there are 3 letters
that are heavy occasionally and light in other occasions.
Here are the 7 letters that are always Tafkheem:
‫ض ْغ ٍط ِق ْظ‬ َّ ‫ُخ‬
َ ‫ص‬
Here are the 3 letters that are occasionally Tafkheem:
‫ر‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬
AS-SIFAAT ‫الصفَات‬
ِّ
ُ ‫الت َّ ْف ِخي ُم َو الت َّ ْر ِقي‬:
3. ‫ق‬
When is the letter Alif heavy?
Alif will only be heavy if one of the 7 permanent Tafkheem or isti’la’
letters as well as the ‫ ر‬or ‫ ل‬precede it when they are in Tafkheem
condition. The Alif will be light at all other times.
E.g ٌ‫شعَة‬
ِ ‫َخا‬
When is the letter Laam heavy?
The letter Laam is naturally light and will be heavy in only two
conditions which are both in the name of Allah SWT ‫هللا‬. The Laam will
be light in all other cases. Conditions for Laam being heavy:
1. If the name of Allah is preceded by a Fatha. Such as:
ُ‫َخت َ َم لل‬
2. If the name of Allah is preceded by a Damma. Such as:
ُ ‫لل‬ ‫م‬
ُ ُ
‫ه‬ َ
‫د‬ ‫ا‬ َ
‫ز‬ َ ‫ف‬
AS-SIFAAT ‫الصفَات‬
ِّ
3. ُ ‫الت َّ ْف ِخي ُم َو الت َّ ْرقِي‬:
‫ق‬
When is the letter Raa heavy?
The letter Raa has 5 conditions for it being heavy and 4 conditions for it being light as
shown and listed below:
 conditions for ‫ ر‬being heavy:
1. If the ‫ ر‬has a Fatha or Damma such as: ‫سول‬ُ ‫ َر‬,‫س ِلي‬
ُ ‫ُر‬
2. If the ‫ ر‬is sakin and is preceded by a Fatha or Damma such as: ‫ءان‬ َ ‫أ َ ْر‬
َ ‫ قُ ْر‬,‫س ْلنَا‬
3. If the ‫ ر‬is sakin, the letter before is also sakin and the preceding letter to that has
a Fatha or Damma such as Surat Al-Asr: ‫ص ِر‬ ْ َ‫سر َوا ْلع‬
ْ ‫ُخ‬
4. If the ‫ ر‬is Sakin and is preceded by a Hamzatul Wasl. Such as: ‫ضى‬ َ َ ‫ ا ْرت‬,‫ا ْر ِج ِعي‬
5. If the‫ ر‬is Sakin, the preceding letter has a Kasra and the following or proceeding
letter is one of the 7 permanent Tafkheem letters (Isti’la’ letters). Such as:‫صاد‬ َ ‫لَ ِب ْل ِم ْر‬
AS-SIFAAT ‫الصفَات‬
ِّ
ُ ‫الت َّ ْف ِخي ُم َو الت َّ ْر ِقي‬:
3. ‫ق‬
‫د ََر َجاتُ الت َّ ْف ِخي ُم‬: levels of Tafkheem
There are 7 levels of Tafkheem:
1. ْ ‫َم ْفتو ٌح بَ ْع َده أَ ِل‬
When the Tafkheem letter has a Fatha and proceeded by an Alif: ‫ف‬
ٌ‫شعَة‬
ِ ‫َخا‬
2. ْ ‫يس َب ْع َده أَ ِل‬
When the Tafkheem letter has a Fatha and is not proceeded by an Alif: ‫ف‬ َ َ‫َم ْفتو ٌح َول‬
‫ت‬ َ ‫َخ‬
ِ َ‫شع‬
3. When the Tafkheem letter is Sakin and preceded by a Fatha: ‫اكن َب ْع َد فَتْح‬
ٌ ‫س‬ َ
ُ ‫يَ ْخ ُر ُج‬
‫ون‬
4. When the Tafkheem letter has a Damma: ‫َمضْموم‬

‫ُخذُوا‬
AS-SIFAAT ‫الصفَات‬
ِّ
ُ ‫الت َّ ْف ِخي ُم َو الت َّ ْر ِقي‬:
3. ‫ق‬
‫د ََر َجاتُ الت َّ ْف ِخي ُم‬: levels of Tafkheem
There are 7 levels of Tafkheem:
5. َ ‫سا ِك ٌن بَ ْع َد‬
When the Tafkheem letter is Sakin and preceded by a Damma: ‫ضم‬ َ
‫يُ ْخ ِر ُجكُم‬
6. When the Tafkheem letter is Sakin and preceded by a Kasra: ‫سا ِك ٌن َب ْع َد َك ْسر‬
َ
‫ِإ ْخ َرا ًجا‬
7. ٌ ‫َم ْكس‬
When the Tafkheem letter has a Kasra: ‫ور‬
ُ‫ِختَا ُمه‬
AS-SIFAAT ‫الصفَات‬
ِّ
3. ُ ‫الت َّ ْف ِخي ُم َو الت َّ ْرقِي‬:
‫ق‬
When is the letter Raa light?
The letter Raa has 5 conditions for it being heavy and 4 conditions for it being light as shown
and listed below:
 conditions for ‫ ر‬being light:
1. If the ‫ ر‬has a Kasra such as: ْ‫حوا‬ ُ ‫فَ ِر‬
2. If ‫ ر‬is Sakin and preceded by a Kasra with non of the 7 permanent Tafkheem letters
proceeding the ‫ر‬. Such as: ‫فِ ْردَوس‬
3. If the ‫ ر‬is Sakin and is preceded by a ‫ ي‬Sakina. Such as: ‫قَ ِدي ٌر‬
4. If the ‫ ر‬is Sakin, the preceding letter is also Sakin and the letter before that has a Kasra.
Such as: ‫ح ْر‬
ْ ‫الس‬
ِ
However if the ‫ ر‬is Sakin, the letter preceding it is also Sakin and the letter before that has
a Kasra, but the letter before the ‫ ر‬is one of the 7 permenant Tafkheem letters (Ist’la’ letters)
then you have too options. You can make it light or heavy but its preferred to make it heavy.
ْ ِ‫ ق‬,‫ص ْر‬
Example: ‫ط ْر‬ ْ ‫ِم‬
AS-SIFAAT ‫الصفَات‬
ِّ
ُ ‫الت َّ ْف ِخي ُم َو الت َّ ْر ِقي‬:
3. ‫ق‬
‫ق‬ُ ‫ الت َّ ْر ِقي‬At-Tarqeeq: these are the letters that are small mouth and
require you to make your tongue thin when pronouncing them. They
are the remaining Arabic letters.

‫ءبتثجحدذزسشعفكمنهوي‬
AS-SIFAAT ‫الصفَات‬
ِّ
4. ‫س ِتفَا ُل‬ ِ ‫س ِت ْع ََل ُء‬
ْ ‫واإل‬ ْ ‫اإل‬:
ِ
‫ستِ ْع ََل ُء‬
ْ ‫اإل‬
ِ Al-Isti’la’: is to elevate the back of the tongue when
pronouncing certain letters. There are 7 letters in this category as
shown below
‫ض ْغ ٍط ِق ْظ‬ َّ ‫ُخ‬
َ ‫ص‬
‫س ِتفَال‬
ْ ‫اإل‬
ِ Al-Istifaal: is to lower the back of the tongue when
pronouncing the remaining Arabic letters which are shown below:
‫ءابتثجحدذرزسشعفكلمنهوي‬
Note: every Isti’la’ letter is a Tafkheem letter but not every Tafkheem letter is
an Isti’la’ letter.
AS-SIFAAT ‫الصفَات‬
ِّ
ُ ‫اإل ْن ِفتَا‬
5. ‫ح‬ ُ ‫اإل ْطبَا‬:
ِ ‫ق َو‬ ِ
ُ ‫اإل ْطبَا‬
‫ق‬ ِ Al-Itbaaq: is the closure between parts of the tongue and the
upper palate of the mouth when pronouncing 4 letters:
‫صضطظ‬
ُ ‫اإل ْن ِفتَا‬
‫ح‬ ِ Al-Infitaah: is to have an opening between the tongue and the
upper palate of the mouth when pronouncing the remaining letters of
Arabic which are shown below
‫ءابتثجحخدذرزسشعغفقكلمنهوي‬
Note: every Itbaaq letter is an Isti’la’ letter as well as a Tafkheem letter.
However not every Isti’la’ or Tafkheem letter is an Itbaaq letter.
AS-SIFAAT ‫الصفَات‬
ِّ
‫ِصفَاتٌ ََل ِض َّد لَ َها‬
Whistle ‫ص ِفير‬
َّ ‫ال‬
Gentle/soft ‫اللين‬ِ
Drifting ‫اإل ْن ِح َراف‬ ِ
Repetition ‫التِ ْك َرار‬/‫الت َّ ْك ِرير‬
Spreading ‫التَّفَ ِشي‬
Extension ‫طالَة‬ ِْ
َ ِ‫اإل ْست‬
Nasalization ‫ْالغنَّة‬
Bounce ‫ْالقَ ْلقَلَة‬
AS-SIFAAT ‫الصفَات‬
ِّ
1. ‫ير‬
ُ ‫ص ِف‬
َّ ‫ال‬:
‫ير‬
ُ ‫ص ِف‬
َّ ‫ ال‬As-Safeer: this is a sharp whistle sound that is similar to a
birds sound. 3 letters must come with Safeer:
‫س ص ز‬

ُ ‫الل‬:
2. ‫ين‬ ِ
ُ ‫الل‬
‫ين‬ ِ Al-Leen: this is the soft and gentle pronunciation of the
following letters if they come Sakin and preceded by a Fatha:
‫و ي‬
AS-SIFAAT ‫الصفَات‬
ِّ
ُ ‫اإل ْن ِح َر‬:
3. ‫اف‬ ِ
ُ ‫اإل ْن ِح َر‬
‫اف‬ ِ Al-Inhiraaf: this is the drifting of the sound of the letter from its
original Makhraj to a Makhraj of another letter. The letter ‫ ل‬will drift
from its original Makhraj towards the Makhraj of the ‫ ن‬which is the tip
and the ‫ ر‬will drift from its original Makhraj towards the Makhraj of the
‫ل‬.
‫ر‬ ‫ل‬

ُ ‫الت ْك َر‬/
4. ‫ار‬ ِ ‫ير‬ ُ ‫الت َّ ْك ِر‬:
ُ ‫ الت َّ ْك ِر‬At-Takreer: this is the repetition of the letter ‫ ر‬when
ُ ‫التِ ْك َر‬/‫ير‬
 ‫ار‬
pronouncing it. This is the only Sifa (attribute) that is taught in order for
us to avoid doing, because failing to avoid the repetition means there
will be more than one letter ‫ر‬.
AS-SIFAAT ‫الصفَات‬
ِّ
ِ َ‫التَّف‬:
5. ‫شي‬
‫شي‬ِ َ‫ التَّف‬At-Tafashi: this is to spread the air in the mouth when
saying the letter ‫ ش‬until its sound reaches the exit of the mouth.

6. ُ‫طالَة‬
َ ِ‫ست‬ ِْ
ْ ‫اإل‬:
ُ‫ستِ َطالَة‬ ِ ْ Al-Istitala: this is the extension of the Makhraj of the
ْ ‫اإل‬
letter ‫ ض‬when pronouncing it all the way until it reaches the
Makhraj of the letter ‫ل‬.
AS-SIFAAT ‫الصفَات‬
ِّ
7. ُ‫ا ْلغُنَّة‬:
ُ‫ ا ْلغُنَّة‬Al-Ghunna: this is the nasal sound that comes from the
Khayshoom (Nasal passage) when pronouncing the ‫ ن‬or ‫ م‬or in
certain rules. There are 5 levels of Ghunna that are listed below
(from the most to least Ghunna):
A. When the ‫ ن‬or ‫ م‬have a shadda ّ.
B. In idghaam Bi-Ghunna Naqis (when the next letter doesn’t have
a Shadda).
C. In Ikhfa’, Ikhfa’ Shafawi and Iqlab.
D. When the ‫ ن‬or ‫ م‬come with a Sukoon.
E. When the ‫ ن‬or ‫ م‬come with a Harakah (voweled).
AS-SIFAAT ‫الصفَات‬
ِّ
8. ُ‫ا ْلقَ ْلقَلَة‬:
Al-Qalqala: this is when we bounce on certain letters if they come Sakin. There
are 5 letters of Qalqala as shown below:
ُ ‫قُ ْط‬
‫ب َجد‬
There are 3 different levels of Qalqala:
A. ‫القَ ْلقَلَة الص ْغ َرى‬:
ْ this is known as Minor Qalqala (Qalqala Sughra). It is a light
bounce one of the Qalqala letters if they come in the middle of a word or at
the end of a word but without stopping.
‫لَ ْم يَ ِل ْد َو لَ ْم يُول ْد‬/‫َح ْب ٌل‬
B. ‫طى‬َ ‫القَ ْلقَلَة ْالو ْس‬:
ْ this is known as known as Moderate Qalqala (Qalqala Wusta).
It is a moderate bounce on one of the Qalqala letters if they come Sakin at
the end of a word and you stop.
‫يُولَ ْد‬/‫س ْب‬
َ ‫َك‬
C. ‫القَ ْلقَلَة ْالكب َْرى‬:
ْ this is known as Major Qalqala (Qalqala Kubra). It is a heavy
bounce on one of the Qalqala letters when they come at the end of a word
with a Shadda and you stop.
َّ َ ‫ت‬/‫ا ْل َح ُّق‬
‫ب‬

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