SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHY

SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHY

PROCEDURE

1. IDENTIFY & MAJOR DEPOSITIONAL UNITS

2. INTEGRATE WELL & SEISMIC

3. ANLYZE REFLECTION CHRACTERISTICS

4. RELATE LITHOLOGY TO SEISMIC

5. PREDICT ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING & LITHOLOGY

6. DETERMINE AN AGE MODEL

7. EVALUATE PREDICTIONS
 SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHY
TECHNIQUE

1. SEISMIC SEQUENCE ANALYSIS

2. SEISMIC-WELL TIE

3. SEISMIC FACES ANALUSIS

4. SEISMIC CALIBRATION

5. GEOLOGIC INTERPRETION

6. CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIC ANALYSIS

7. SEISMIC AND STRATIGRAPHIC MODELING

 USING A STRATIGRPHIC
FRAMEWORK
STRATIGRAPHIC
ANALYSIS
FRAMEWORK

BURIAL
HISTORY
MODELING TRAP
TEMPERATURE DEVELOPMENT
HISTORY AND TIMING

HYDROCARBON RESERVOIR
GENERATION PROPERTIES

PREDICTION SOURCE MIGRATION RESERVOIR SEAL TRAP

EPSODIC VS CYCLIC DEPOSOTION

SCALE OF DEPOSITION
CONTROLS

E
P •STORMS
LAMINA I
I S •FLOODS
N LAMINASET O
D •TIDES
C
R
BED I
C
E
A
BEDSET
• SHIFTING SEDIMENT
S
PARASEQUENCE DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS
I C
N PARASEQUENCESET Y • SEA-LEVEL FLUCTUATIONS
G C
SEQUENCE L • LONG-TERM TECTONICS
I
C
BED VS DEPOSITIONAL SEQUENCES

DEPOSITIONAL
BEDS
SEQUECES

FORMATION A SINGLE EPISODE A SINGLE CYCLE

OF DEPOSITION OF DEPOSITION

BOUNDING BEDDING
SURFACES UNCONFORMITIES
PLANES

• LIMITED EXTENT • WIDESPREAD

MORPHOLOGY
• SMALL THICKNESS • THICK ENOUGH TO
•TERMINATES WHERE RESOLVE SEISMICALLY

•BEDDING SURFACES • TERMINATES AGAINST

INTERSECT UNCON-FORMITIES OR
THEIR CORRELATIVE
 SEISMIC REFLECTION

• GENERATED AT PHYSICAL SURFACES ACROSS WHICH

THERE IS A CHANGE IN IMPEDENCE

• POLARITY IS DETERMINED BY SIGN OF THE REFLECTION

COEFFCIENT

• AMPLITUDE IS A FUNCTION OF:

- MAGNITUDE OF THE REFLECTION COEFFCIENT

- SHARPNESS OF THE REFLECTION COEFFCIENT

- RESOLUTION OF THE SYSTEM

 REFLECTION AND TIME-
STRATIGRAPHY

GENERATING
FEATURE TIME-STRATIGRAPHY

UNCONFORMITIES YES
SEPARATES OLDER
STRATA BELOW FROM
YOUNGER STRATA
YES ABOVE
STRATAL
SURFACES
SEISMIC RESPONSE OF STARATAL
SURFACES

• SEISMIC REFLECTIONS PARALLEL STARATAL SURFACES

• RESOLUTION IS COMMONLY AT SCALE OF PARASQUENCES

• REFLECTION TERMINATION INDICATES THE ASSOCIATED

STRATAL UNIT HAS:

- ENDED ABRUPTLY (TRUNCATION)

OR

- THINNED BELOW RESOLUTION (LABOUT)

MARKING THE SEISMIC SECTION
LOCATE UNCONFORMITIES

• AT THE BASE OF ONLAPS AND DOWNLAPS

• HALF CYCLE ABOVE TRUNCATION AND TOPLAP

MARK

• ONSETS (ZERO-CROSSINGS) FRO MINIMUM

PHASE
• PEAKS?TROUGHS FOR ZERO PHASE

REFLECTION CHARECTERISTICS CAN VARY

ALONG AN UNCONFORMITY
SEISMIC RESPONSE OF FACIES CHANGES

• SEISMIC REFLECTIONS DO NOT FOLLOW

FACIES BOUNDARIES

HOWEVERE

• REFLECTION CHRACTERISTICS ARE AFFECTED

BY CHANGES IN THE FACIES

- REFLECTION AMPLITUDE

- REFLECTION CONTINUITY

- REFLECTION POLARITY
 LIMITATIONS
RESOLUTION

• VERTICAL
• LATERAL

IMPROPER POSITIONING REFLECTIONS

• DIP ANALOG SECTION

• OUT-OF-PLANE REFLECTION

NONPRIMARY REFLECTIONS
• NONCOHERENT NOISE
• COHERENT NOISE
 LITHOLOGY PREDICTION

SEISMIC SEQUENCE
SEISMIC DATA
ANALYSIS
CHRONO-
STRATIGRAPHIC
FRAMEWORK SEISMIC
SEQUENCES SEISMIC FACIES
ANALYSIS

SEISMIC
REFLECTION GEOLOGIC
CHARACTERISTICS INTRPRETATION

DEPOSITIONAL
DEPOSITIONAL LITHOLOGY
FRAMEWORK
ENVIRONMENT PREDICTION
SEISMIC FACIES ANALYSIS APPROACH

SEISMIC FACIES ANALYSIS

CORE REFLECTION REFLECTION LOG

ANALYSIS GEOMETRIES CHARACTERISTICS ANALYSIS

CALIBRATION

INTERPRETATION

FACIES
DEPOSITIONAL SEDIMENT
MODEL
ENVIRONMENT SUPPLY

PRIDICTION
INTEGRATED FACIES ANALYSIS

WELL AND SEISMIC DATA

OBSERVE VARIATIONS IN CORES, ON LOGS AND ON SEISMIC

CALIBRATE • LOG RESPONSE TO CORE LITHOFACIES

• SEISMIC PESPONSE TO CORES AND LOGS

INTERBRATE DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS

SUBENVIRONMENTS SETTING

PREDICT LATERAL AND VERTICAL

LITHOLOGIC DISTRIBUTION
 SEISMIC FACIES
PARAMETERS
REFLECTION GEOMETRIES

• TERMINATION PATTERN
• INTERNAL CONFIGRATION
• EXTERNAL FORM

REFLECTION CHARACTERISTICS

• AMPLITUDE
• CONTINUITY
• FREQUENCY

INTERVAL VELOCITY
 REFLECTION GEOMETRIES

INTERNAL CONFIGURATIONS

STRATIFIED UNSTRATIFIED

SIMPLE PROGADATIONAL COMPLEX

CHAOTIC REFLECTION
FREE

• SEGMIOD • MOUNDED
• BARALLEL
• OBLIQUE • HUMMOCHY
• SUBPARALLEL
• COMBINATION • DEFORMED
• DIVERGENT
• SHINGLED
 REFLECTION GEOMETRIES

EXTERNAL FORM

UNIFORM VARYING
THICKNESS THICKNESS

• SHEET-EVEN • FILL
• SHEET-DRAPE • MOND
• SHEET-SMOOTHING • COMBINATION
 GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS

ABC TECHNIQUE

EROSION ONLAP
TOPLAP
A - B DOWNLAP
CONCODANT C CONCORDANT

PARALLEL SIGMOID MOUNDED

SUBPARALLEL OBLIQUE HUMMOCKY
DIVERGENT SHINGLED DEFORMED
 DEPOSITIONAL ENERGY
HIGH LOW

DEPOSITIONAL • ACTIVE • QUIET WATER

PROCESSES

SEDIMENTARY • SORTED • POOR SORTING

FACIES • COARSEST • FINE PRESENT
AVAILABLE GRAIN
SIZE
• SHEET/DRAPE
DIAGNOSTIC •TOPLAB/OBLIQUE
GEOMETRIES • SIGMOID PROG.
•MOUNDS
• SLOPE FRONT FILL

EXPLORATION • •
REFLECTION CHARECTERISTICS AND
DEPOSITIONAL ENERGY

AMPLITUDE CONDITIONS LITHOLOGY

LOW UNIFORM MASSIVE

HIGH ALTERNATING INTERFINGERED

VARIABLE VARYING DISCONTINUOUS

CONTINUITY DEPOSITION

HIGH WIDESPREAD
 LITHOLOGY PREDICTION
I) ESTABLISH CHORONOSTRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK

• SEISMIC SEQUENCE ANALYSIS

• TIE WELL AND SEISMIC

II) DEVELOP DEPOSOTIONAL FRAMEWORK

• ANALYZE REFLECTION GEOMETRIES

• TIE WELL AND SEISMIC
• INTERPRET DEPOSITIONAL SETTING
• CALIBRATE SEISMIC FACIES
• EXTRAPOLATE AWAY FROM WELL(S)
• USE FACIES MODELS
• USE CONCEPT OF DEPOSITIONAL ENERGY
VISUAL SEISMIC SIGNATURES OF
HYDROCARBON INDICATORS

• AMPLITUDE ANOMALY

• FREQUENCY ANOMALY

• TIME SAG

• ABRUPT TERMINATIONS

• PHASE CHANGE

• FLUID CONTACT REFLECTION

• SHADOW ZONE

• CHINMEY
 FALSE HDI’S AND PITFALLS

• LOW IMPEDANCE ROCKS

• FLAT REFLECTIONS NOT RELATED TO
FLUID CONTACTS

- STRATIGRAPHY
- MULTIPLES
• INCORRECT SECTION POLARITY
• LOW GAS STATURATION RESERVOIRS
• PROSITY PRESERVATION BY PRESENCE OF
HYDROCARBONS
 PRELIMINARY EVALUATION
2-D INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES

TECHNIQUES ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

• MISS STRUCTURES
• CHEAP THAT STRIKE SUB-
MANUAL PARALLEL TO LINES
• NO SPECIAL
(SERIAL
EQUIPMENT • INACCURATE 3-D TIES
OVERLAY) OF HORIZONS &
WITHOUT TIME • FAST IN STRUCTURES
SLICES, FEW STRUCTURA
• MAPPING IS
CROSS LINES LLY SIMPLE
ADDITIONAL STEP
AREAS
• CUMBERSOME
 PRELIMINARY EVALUATION
3-D INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES

TECHNIQUES ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

MANUAL BUT WITH • EASY TO RECOGNIZE • EXPENSIVE AND SLOW TO

TIME SLICES (GS) STRUCTURES IN MOST MAKE FILM
SEISCROP ORIENTATIONS
• DIFFICULT TO TIE LINES
• ACCURATE 3-D TIES (PAPER) TO TIME SLICES
OF HORIZONS & (PROJECTED)
STRUCTURES
• NOT USABLE IN AREAS OF
• FAST WITH GOOD POOR REFLECTION
REFLECTION CONTINUITY
QONTINUITY
• CUMBERSOME
• AMPLITUDE CONTROLS
POSITION OF TIME SLICE
PICKS
 PRELIMINARY EVALUATION
3-D INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES

TECHNIQUE ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

S
TRUE 3-D GRID • VERY DETAILED • VERY SLOW
• MAPS • MANY TIES
MOST ACCURATE
PICTURES OF FAULT
• PATTERNS
HIGHEST
CONFIDENCE
INTERPRETATION
 USING A STRATIGRPHIC
FRAMEWORK
STRATIGRAPHIC
ANALYSIS
FRAMEWORK

BURIAL
HISTORY
MODELING TRAP
TEMPERATURE DEVELOPMENT
HISTORY AND TIMING

HYDROCARBON RESERVOIR
GENERATION PROPERTIES

PREDICTION SOURCE MIGRATION RESERVOIR SEAL TRAP

 PRELIMINARY EVALUATION
3-D INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES

TECHNIQUES ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

• MISS STRUCTURES
• CHEAP THAT STRIKE SUB-
MANUAL PARALLEL TO LINES
• NO SPECIAL
(SERIAL
EQUIPMENT • INACCURATE 3-D TIES
OVERLAY) OF HORIZONS &
WITHOUT TIME • FAST IN STRUCTURES
SLICES, FEW STRUCTURA
• MAPPING IS
CROSS LINES LLY SIMPLE
ADDITIONAL STEP
AREAS
• CUMBERSOME
 PRELIMINARY EVALUATION
3-D INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES

TECHNIQUES ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

MANUAL BUT WITH • EASY TO RECOGNIZE • EXPENSIVE AND SLOW TO

TIME SLICES (GS) STRUCTURES IN MOST MAKE FILM
SEISCROP ORIENTATIONS
• DIFFICULT TO TIE LINES
• ACCURATE 3-D TIES (PAPER) TO TIME SLICES
OF HORIZONS & (PROJECTED)
STRUCTURES
• NOT USABLE IN AREAS OF
• FAST WITH GOOD POOR REFLECTION
REFLECTION CONTINUITY
QONTINUITY
• CUMBERSOME
• AMPLITUDE CONTROLS
POSITION OF TIME SLICE
PICKS
 PRELIMINARY EVALUATION
3-D INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES

TECHNIQUE ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

S
TRUE 3-D GRID • VERY DETAILED • VERY SLOW
• MAPS • MANY TIES
MOST ACCURATE
PICTURES OF FAULT
• PATTERNS
HIGHEST
CONFIDENCE
INTERPRETATION
 PRELIMINARY EVALUATION
3-D INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES

TECHNIQU ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

ES
ISIS- • ALOWS USE OF ANY • CONVERSION OF
TECHNIQUE SEISMIC DATA TO
EPR INTERACTIVE ACCEPTABLE
• MOST ACCURATE TIES OF TIME
SEISMIC SLICES TO LINES AND LINES TO FORMAT CAN BE
INTERPRATATION CROSS-LINES TIME-CONSUMMING
SYSTEM
• LESS PAPER TO SHUFFLE • EXCESSIVE DETAIL
• AMPLITUDE/COLOR SCALING AVAILABLE
• RAPID, ACCURATE DIGITIZING
CONTOUR MAPS OF HORIZONS
DIGITIZED ON LINES AND/OR
SLICES
• IMAGE MANIPULATIONS
ZOOM, STRETCH, SQUEEZE,
REVERSE POLARITY
• RELIEVES INTRPRETATER
 SEISMIC-WELL TIES

PURPOSE: TO COMBINE TWO DATA SETS FOR A MORE

COMPLETE INTERPERATION

SEISMIC DATA WELL DATA

• TWO WAY TIME • LINEAR DEPTH
• SEISMIC VELOCITY • VELOCITY
• SEISMIC IMPEDENCE • DENSITY
• SEISMIC SEQUENCES • GEOLOGIC AGE
• SEISMIC FACIES • LITHOLOGY
• STRUCTURE • FAULT ORIENTATION