PM Dr Hanapi Mat, Department of Chemical Engineering, FKKKSA, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

• It occurs when a solid is in contact with a gas or

liquid which is at different temperature from the
surface.
• A density differences in the fluid arising from the
heating process provide the bouyancy force required to
move the fluid.
• An important process engineering system – heat is
being transferred from a hor vertical plate to a
gas/liquid adjacent to the surface.

PM Dr Hanapi Mat, Department of Chemical Engineering, FKKKSA, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

 The fluid moving by natural
convection. The velocity profile is
differs from that in forced
Tb convection, the velocity at the
wall is zero, and zero at the other
edge of the boundary.

x The boundary layer initailly is

laminar, but at some distance
from the leading edge it starts
y to become turbulent.
 Natural convection from vertical planes and cylinders

 L  g T c p  
m
3 2
N Nu 
hL
 a  
  a  N N  m

 2 Gr Pr
k  k 
(a & m from Table 4.7-1)

where T  Tw  Tbmean  Tbmean  Tw , g  9.80665m / s 2

 3  2 g T1  T2 
N Gr 
2

PM Dr Hanapi Mat, Department of Chemical Engineering, FKKKSA, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

PM Dr Hanapi Mat, Department of Chemical Engineering, FKKKSA, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
 EXAMPLE 4.7-1 Natural Convection from Vertical Wall of an Oven.

A heated vertical wall 1.0 ft (0.305m) high of an oven for baking food with
the surface at 450oF (505.4K) is in contact with air at 100oF (311K).
Calculate the heat-transfer coefficient and the heat transfer/ft (0.305m)
width of wall. Note that heat transfer for radiation will not be considered.
Use English and SI units.

PM Dr Hanapi Mat, Department of Chemical Engineering, FKKKSA, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

 Tw  505.4 K Tw  Tb
Tf   408.2 K
2
L  0.305 m From Appendix A.3, at T f  408.2 K,

air q  b  2.32  10 5 Pa.s

Tb  311 K N Pr  0.690
k  0.0343 W/m.K
  0.867 kg/m 3
T  505.4  311  194.4 K
1 1
   2.45  10 5
Tf 408.2

PM Dr Hanapi Mat, Department of Chemical Engineering, FKKKSA, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

 L3  2 g T c p 
N Gr N Pr  
2 k
 (0.305) 3 (0.867)9.80655(2.45  10 3 )(194.4) 
  3 2
(0.690)
 ( 2 .32  10 ) 
 1.270  10 8  (10 4  N Gr N Pr  10 9 )

1
From Table 4.7 - 1, when 10 4  N Gr N Pr  10 9 a  0.59, m 
4

N Nu 
hL
 a N Gr N Pr 
m q  hATw  Tbm 
 7.03(0.305) 2 505.4  311
k
 
1
h(0.305)
 0.59 1.27  10 8 4
 127.1 W
0.0343
h  7.03 W/m 2 .K

PM Dr Hanapi Mat, Department of Chemical Engineering, FKKKSA, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

 EXAMPLE 4.7-2 Natural Convections and Simplified Equation

Repeat Example 4.7-1 but use the simplified equation

Use simplified equation from Table 4.7 - 2  10 4  N Gr N Pr  10 9

1
 T  4
h  1.37 
 L 
1
 194.4  4
 1.37 
 0.305 
 6.88 W/m 2 .K

q  hATw  Tbm 
 6.88(0.305) 2 505.4  311
 124.4 W
PM Dr Hanapi Mat, Department of Chemical Engineering, FKKKSA, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
PM Dr Hanapi Mat, Department of Chemical Engineering, FKKKSA, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
 Air (1 atm) Table 4.7-2
1
 P  2 Limitations
Air (≠1 atm) h  htable 4.7  2   N Gr N Pr : 10 4  10 9
 101.32 
2
Limitations
 P  3
h  htable 4.7  2   N Gr N Pr  10 9
 101.32 

Note : All P in kN / m 2

PM Dr Hanapi Mat, Department of Chemical Engineering, FKKKSA, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

 h Limitations
Gases: N Nu  1
k N Gr N Pr  2  10 3

N Gr N Pr 1 / 4
N Nu  0.2 1/ 9 Limitations
L
  6  10 3  N Gr N Pr  2  10 5
 
N Gr N Pr 1 / 3
N Nu  0.073 1/ 9
Limitations
L 2  10 5  N Gr N Pr  2  10 7
 
 

PM Dr Hanapi Mat, Department of Chemical Engineering, FKKKSA, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

 Liquid: N Nu  1 Limitations
N Gr N Pr  1 10 3

N Gr N Pr 1 / 4
N Nu  0.28 1/ 4
Limitations

L 1  10 3  N Gr N Pr  1  10 7
 
 

PM Dr Hanapi Mat, Department of Chemical Engineering, FKKKSA, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

 Gases 
 same as vertical plates
Liquid 
 D1 
D2  D1

2

D2
 3  2 g T1  T2  q
 T1  T2 
N Gr  Ain
2

PM Dr Hanapi Mat, Department of Chemical Engineering, FKKKSA, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

 Limitations
N Nu  0.21N Gr N Pr 
1/ 4
Gases: 6  10 3  N Gr N Pr  2  10 5

N Nu  0.061N Gr N Pr 
1/ 3 Limitations
N Gr N Pr  3 10 5

N Nu  0.069N Gr N Pr  N Pr
1/ 3 0.074
Liquid: Limitations
1.5  10 5  N Gr N Pr  1  10 9

PM Dr Hanapi Mat, Department of Chemical Engineering, FKKKSA, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

 EXAMPLE 4.7-3 Natural Convection in enclosed Vertical Space

Air at 1 atm abs pressure is enclosed between two vertical plates where L = 0.6m
and δ = 30 mm. The plates are 0.4m wide. The plate temperature are T1 = 394.3 K
and T2 = 366.5 K. Calculate the heat-transfer rate across the air gap.
T1  T2 394.3  366.5
Tf    380.4 K
2 2
T1  394.3 K 0.4 m
0.6 m From Appendix A.3, at T f  380.4 K,
 b  2.21  10 5 Pa.s
air N Pr  0.693
1 atm k  0.03219 W/m.K
q   0.9295 kg/m 3
1 1
   2.629  10 5
  30 mm T2  366.5 K T f 380.4

PM Dr Hanapi Mat, Department of Chemical Engineering, FKKKSA, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

  3  2 g T1  T2 
N Gr 
2


0.030  (0.9295) 2 (9.806)(2.629  10 5 )(394.3  366.5)
3

(2.21  10 5 ) 2
 3.423  10 4

N Gr N Pr  3.423  10 4 (0.693)
 2.372  10 4  6  10 3  N Gr N Pr  2  10 5

PM Dr Hanapi Mat, Department of Chemical Engineering, FKKKSA, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

 h N N  1/ 4

N Nu   0.2 Gr Pr1 / 9
k L
 
 
 
 4 1/ 4 
h(0.03)
 0.2 
2
.372  10  
0.03219   0.6  1/ 9

   
  0.03  
h  1.909 W/m 2 .K

q  hATw  Tbm 
 1.909(0.6  0.4)394.3  366.5
 12.74 W

PM Dr Hanapi Mat, Department of Chemical Engineering, FKKKSA, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

PM Dr Hanapi Mat, Department of Chemical Engineering, FKKKSA, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
 h  1043T 
1 Limitations
P = 1 atm 3 q
(kW / m 2 )  16
A
0  T  7.76

h  5.56T 
3 Limitations
q
16   240
A
7.32  T  14.4

PM Dr Hanapi Mat, Department of Chemical Engineering, FKKKSA, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

 Limitations

h  537T 
1 q
P = 1 atm 3
7 A
0  T  4.51

h  7.95T 
3 Limitations
q
3  63
A
4.41  T  9.43
0 .4
 p
For P atm:- h 
1
P

h  2.55T  e
3 1551
Boiling inside tubes:-

PM Dr Hanapi Mat, Department of Chemical Engineering, FKKKSA, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

  
1
 k v  v  L   v g h fg  0.4c p T
3 4
h  0.62  v

 D v T 
where
k v  thermal conductivity of vapour
 v  density of vapour
 L  density of liquid
h fg  latent heat of vapourization at Tsat
T  Tw  Tsat
Tsat  temperature of sat. vapour
D  outside tube diameter
 v  viscosity of vapour

PM Dr Hanapi Mat, Department of Chemical Engineering, FKKKSA, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

What you should understand about boiling?

Unit operations: evaporation, distillation, chemical and

biological processing..

The heating surface can be heated electrically or by

hot condensing fluid on the other side of the heated
surface.
What you should understand about boiling?

Mechanism of boiling:
The temperature of the liquid is the boiling
point of the fluid at that temperature.
The heated surface is above the boiling
point.
The vapor accumulates in a vapor space
above the liquid level and is withdrawn.
 A B C D
q/A
Region D: Film boiling,
bubbles detech themselves
regularly and rise upwards.
At higher temperature,
radiation helps increase the
q/A and h.
ΔT
Region C: Transition boiling,
many bubbles are formed so
quickly that they tend to coalesce
and form a layer of insulating
vapor. Increasing the ΔT increases
the thickness of this layer, heat flux
and h drop as ΔT increased.
Region A: at low temp
drops, the mechanism of
boiling is essentially that of
heat transfer to a liquid in
natural convection.
The variation of h with
ΔT0.25 is approximately the
same as natural
convection to horizontal
plates or cylinders.
Region B: Nucleate boiling for a ΔT
of about 5 – 25 K, the rate of bubble
production increases so that the
velocity of circulation of the liquid
increases. The h increases rapidly
and is proportional to ΔT2 to ΔT3
EXAMPLE 4.8-1 Rate of Heat Transfer in a Jacketed kettle

Water is being boiled at 1 atm abs pressure in a jacketed kettle with

steam condensing in the jacket at 115.6oC. The inside diameter of
the kettle is 0.656m and the height is 0.984m. The bottom is
slightly curved but it will be assumed to be flat. Both the bottom
and the sides up to a height of 0.656m are jacketed. The kettle
surface for heat transfer is 3.2-mm stainless steel with a k of 16.27
W/m.K. The condensing steam coefficient hi inside the jacket has
been estimated as 10200 W/m2.K. Predict the boiling heat-transfer
coefficient ho for the bottom surface of the kettle
PM Dr Hanapi Mat, Department of Chemical Engineering, FKKKSA, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
 stainless steel
k  16.27 W/m.K Tsat  100 o C
water
Tsat  100 oC Tw
water
3.2 mm
hi  10200 W/m .K 2 T  115.6 o C
T  115.6 o C

T  Tw  Tsat

assume that Tw  110 o C

T  110  100  10 o C  7.32  T  14.4

h  5.56T 
3

 5.56(10) 3
 55600
PM Dr Hanapi Mat, Department of Chemical Engineering, FKKKSA, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
 115.6  100
q  hAT  m h fg 
Ro  Rwall  Ri

1 1 17.98 10 5
Ri   
hA 5.56 103 ( A) A

x 3.2 10 3 19.66 10 5

Rwall   
kA 16.27 A A

1 1 9.8 10 5
R0   
h0 A 10200 A A

PM Dr Hanapi Mat, Department of Chemical Engineering, FKKKSA, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

 q  55600 Ao (Tw  100) 
115.6  100Ao
17.98  19.66  9.810 5
Tw  100  5.9
Tw  105.9 o C
 (This is lower than the assumed value of 110 o C)

For the second trial, Tw  108.3 o C will be used. We do trial and error until get
an accurate value.

PM Dr Hanapi Mat, Department of Chemical Engineering, FKKKSA, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Problem 4.8-1: Predict the boiling heat transfer coeffcient for
the vertical jacketed sides of the kettle given in example 4.8-1.
Using this coefficient for the sides and the coefficient from
example 4.8-1 for the bottom, predict the total heat transfer.
Trial 1:
Assume Tw = 107.8 oC, ΔT = 107.8 – 100 oC = 7.8 oC = 7.8 K
Ho = 7.95(ΔT )3 = 3773 W/m2. K

Ri= 1/hi.A = 9.8 x 10-5

Rw = Δx/kA = 19.66 x 10-5
Ro = 1/ho.A = 26.50 x 10-5
ΣR = Ri + Rw + Ro = 55.96 x 10-5

q = ΔT/ Ro = (115.6 – 100)/ ΣR

ΔT = Ro (115.6 – 100)/ ΣR = 7.39 K
Area of the sides  cylinder πDL = 1.3519 m2
qS = A.ΔT/R = (115.6 – 100) (1.3519) / (55.96 x 10-5)

= ??

For the bottom of the kettle,

Use Tw = 108.2
ho = 5.56 (ΔT)3
Then calculate qB at the bottom using the area at the bottom
(πD2/4)
Total heat transfer, qB + qS
==============================================================

Try Problem 4.8-2!! Correct the value of h by x (p/1 atm)

Answer: h = 493.9.9 Btu/h.ft2. oF (after several trials)
PM Dr Hanapi Mat, Department of Chemical Engineering, FKKKSA, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Condensation of a vapor to a liquid involves a change in
phase with large heat transfer coeffcient.
It occurs when saturated vapor such as condensed steam
comes into contact with a solid (e.g. vertical or horizontal
tubes or other surfaces) whose temperature is below
saturation temperature.
A condensate is formed on the surface and flows over the
surface by the action of gravity.
This film of liquid form the main resistance o heat transfer –
film type condensation.

PM Dr Hanapi Mat, Department of Chemical Engineering, FKKKSA, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

Another type of condensation is dropwise
condensation where a small drops are formed on
the surface. These drops grows and coalesce, and
the fluid flows from the surface.
The average coefficient 110 000 W/m2. K which is
10 times larger than film type condensation.
Dropwise condensation occurs on contaminated
surfaces and when impurities are present.
Film condensation is more dependable and more
common. Normal design purposes, film
condensation is assumed.
 y

x dx

Tsat
-y
element
dx

y


PM Dr Hanapi Mat, Department of Chemical Engineering, FKKKSA, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

  l g  l   v  3
 
Mass transfer rate : - m
3 l
1
 4 l kl xTsat  Tw   4
Thickness of film : -    
 gh fg  l  l   v  
1
  l  l   v gh fg k l 3  4
Local heat transfer coeff. : - h x   
 4  l xTsat  Tw  

PM Dr Hanapi Mat, Department of Chemical Engineering, FKKKSA, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

 1
  l  l   v gh fg k l 3  4
Average heat transfer coeff. : - h  0.943 
  l LTsat  Tw  

The final recommended expression for vertical

surfaces in laminar flow is
1

hL   l  l   v gh fg L3  4
N Nu   1.13 
kl   k
l l T 

PM Dr Hanapi Mat, Department of Chemical Engineering, FKKKSA, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

 1
 g l 2 L3 3
Long vertical surface : - N Nu 
hL
 0.0077   N Re 0.4
kl  2 
 l 
4m 4
Where N Re   (tube)
D l  l
4m 4
N Re   (plate)
W l  l

PM Dr Hanapi Mat, Department of Chemical Engineering, FKKKSA, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

EXAMPLE 4.8-2 Condensation on a Vertical Tube

Steam saturated at 68.9 kPa is condensing on a vertical tube 0.305 m

long having an OD of 0.0254 m and a surface temperature of 86.11oC.
Calculate the average heat-transfer coefficient.

Steam
Psat  10 psia  from the appendix A.2 - 9,
Tw  187 o F Tsat  193 o F
h fg  982.1 btu/Ibm
L  1 ft
Tsat  Tw 187  193
Tf    190 o F
2 2

1 in

PM Dr Hanapi Mat, Department of Chemical Engineering, FKKKSA, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

 From Appendix A.2 - 11, at T f  190 o F
 L  0.2228 10 3 Ibm/ft.s
kl  0.39 btu/ft.h.o F
 l  60.3 Ibm/ft 3

We did not have m , so we cannot calculate N Re

 so we suppose to assume the process is laminar or turbulent
Assume Laminar flow, N Re  1800

hL   l  l   v gh fg L 3
 4
N Nu   1.13 
kl  l kl T 
1
h(1)  60.360.3  0 (32.174)(3600) (982.1)(1)  2 3 4
 1.13
0.39  0.2228 
 10 3
 3600 ( 0 .93)(193  
187 )


h  2350 btu/h.ft 2 .o F

PM Dr Hanapi Mat, Department of Chemical Engineering, FKKKSA, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

 q  hAT  m
 h fg
  1  
2350   (1) (6)  m
 (982.1)
   
4 2
m  3.77 Ibm/h

4m
N Re 
Dl
4(3.77)

1
  (0.2228 10 3  3600)
2
 73.5  ( 1800)

N Re  1800  so the assumption that laminar flow is correct

PM Dr Hanapi Mat, Department of Chemical Engineering, FKKKSA, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia