POLITICS

•Refers to activities through which people make, preserve,

and amend the general rules under which they live.
•It involves dynamics of conflict resolution and cooperation
as well as the exercise of power.
POWER
•Refers to the ability to do something in order to achieve a
desired outcome.
•Hence, a person with power has the capacity to control
people or make them do something that they would not do
otherwise.
AUTHORITY
•Is legitimate power. This means that a person who has authority
has the right to exercise power.
•More concretely, the exercise of authority means that the
person who exercise the power is obeyed by the people
because he or she is recognized as the rightful or legitimate
ruler or leader.
DIFFERENT FORMS OF POLITICAL STRUCTURE AND INSTITUTION

1. Increase population density;

2. Large surplus of resources and wealth;
3. Greater social inequality;
4. Less reliance on kinship relations as basis of political structures;
5. Increased internal and external conflict;
6. Increase power and responsibility of leaders; and
7. Increase burdens on the population to support political
leaders.
LEGITIMACY AND TYPES OF AUTHORITY
•The word “legitimacy” originated from the Latin word legitimare,
meaning “to declare lawful,” and is broadly defined as
“rightfulness.”
•Legitimacy confers on an order or command an authoritative or
binding character, thus transforming power into authority.
•Political philosophers treat legitimacy as a moral or
rational principle that is the ground on which governments
may demand obedience from citizens.
•The claim to legitimacy is thus more important than the fact
of obedience.
TYPES OF AUTHORITY
•TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY
- authority is based on a system that is believed to have
“always existed”.
-some people have this type of authority because they
inherited it or they occupy a position that has been passed on
them.
• -the legitimacy of this type of authority is based on long-
established customs and traditions that do not need to be
justified.
•Examples of traditional authority are those exercised by
elders in a tribe or an indigenous people’s group as well as
by monarchs who have inherited their power and authority.
CHARISMATIC AUTHORITY
•Is based on the presumed special and extraordinary
characteristics or qualities possessed by a certain
individual.
•People with charisma are often very popular, highly
persuasive, and inspire loyalty and obedience from other
people.
•They are also often seen as “born leaders” and “heroes”.
•Charisma is generally considered a gift or an manufactured
through the use of propaganda.
•However, charismatic authority is the most unstable type
of authority as leaders may eventually “lose” their
charisma when people’s view regarding them change.
•Death or an illness may also diminish the level of
charisma of a certain authority figure.
•Historical figures who exemplified charismatic authority
include revolutionary Cuban leaders Fedil Castro and Che
Guevara, Chinese revolutionary leader Mao Tse Tung, US
President John F. Kennedy, UK Prime Minister Margaret
Thatcher, and Philippine President Ramon Magsaysay.
LEGAL-RATIONAL
•IS THE MOST TYPICAL TYPE OF AUTHORITY IN MODERN SOCIETIES .
•POWER AND AUTHORITY IN A LEGAL-RATIONAL CONTEXT ARE
LEGITIMIZED BY A CLEARLY DEFINED SET OF WRITTEN RULES AND
LAWS.
•LEADERS CAN RIGHTFULLY WIELD AUTHORITY IF THEY OBTAIN THEIR
POSITIONS ACCORDING TO ESTABLISHED PROCEDURES SUCH AS
ELECTIONS OR THROUGH APPOINTMENT.
•Heads of governments such as presidents and prime
ministers possess legal-rational.
•Among the three types of authority, a legal-rational
system has the highest degree of stability.
 TYPES OF POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS AND
LEADERSHIP STRUCTURES
•Anthropologists define political organizations as “the
groups within a culture that are responsible for public
decision-making and leadership, maintaining social
cohesion and order, protecting group rights, and
ensuring safety from external threats.”
•Political and leadership structure have involved as
societies progress over time.
•From the emergence of simple bands - > tribes, and
chiefdoms- > to the establishment of modern nation-
states - > different types of political organization and
leadership structures emerged as social interactions
underwent transformations.
POLITICAL DYNASTIES

•Are believed to have always existed even in advanced

democratic states.
•A “dynasty” refers to a succession from rulers from the
same line of decent.
•Political clientelism (clientelistic politics) is defined by
susan stokes as “giving material goods in return for
electoral support.”
•The relationship involves two parties: the patron
(politician) and the client (voter).
•These two political trends continue to be a challenge to
the philippine political and leadership system.
DISTINCTION BETWEEN “NATION” AND “STATE”
Nation - consists of a distinct population of people bound
together by a common culture, history, and tradition who
typically concentrated within a specific geographic region.
State – is a political unit that has sovereignty – the
legitimate and ultimate authority of the state --- over an area of
territory and the people within it.
BUREAUCRACY
•Means “rule by official”.
POLITICAL LIBERALIZATION
•Refers to the emergence of liberal – democratic
regimes that are characterized by a presentative form
of democracy where political office gained through
formal, competitive elections in many WESTERN
SOCIETIES.
POLITICAL CULTURE
•Refers to the pattern of orientation to political objects
such as parties, government, and constitution,
expressed in beliefs, symbols, and values.