» It does not specify the direction of the flow of

heat.
» It does not specify the feasibility of any process.
» It deals only with quantity of energy during the
transformations of energy from one form to
other with no regards to its quality.
» Thermal Energy Reservoir:
A body having infinite heat capacity, capable of
absorbing or rejecting unlimited quantity of heat
with affecting its temperature.
Example: Sun, ocean, furnace, etc.
It is of types-
a) Source- A high temperature reservoir that
supplies heat
b) Sink- A low temperature reservoir that
absorbs heat
» Heat Engine:
It is a cyclic device which converts heat into work.
Source

Q1

HE Work

Q2

Sink

Q1 is amount of heat transferred from source.

Q2 is amount of heat rejected to sink.
Fig: Schematic of a Steam power plant as Heat Engine
» Thermal Efficiency:
It is the measure of performance of heat engine,
given as
Net work done
Efficiency =
Total heat input

𝑄1 − 𝑄2
𝜂=
𝑄1
» Refrigerator:
It is a cyclic device that maintains a body at a
temperature lower than its surroundings.
Sink

Q1

Work RE

Q2

Source

Here, atmosphere is the sink.

» Heat Pump:
It is a cyclic device that maintains a body at a
temperature higher than its surroundings.
Sink

Q1

Work HP

Q2

Source

Here, atmosphere is the source.

» Coefficient of Performance (COP):
The performance of refrigerator and heat pump is
measured by COP.
It is given as,
Desired output
COP =
Required input
a) In case of refrigerator, Q2 is the desired output.
b) In case of heat pump, Q1 is the desired output
𝑄2 𝑄1
Thus, 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑅 = , and 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝐻𝑃 =
𝑊 𝑊
» Kelvin-Planck’s Statement:
“It is impossible for any device that operates on a
cycle to receive heat from a single reservoir and
produce a net amount of work.”
i.e.,
100% efficient heat engine is not possible.
» Any device which violates second law is called
Perpetual motion machine of second kind
(PMM2).
Source

Q1

HE Work

Q2 = 0
Fig. PMM2
» Clausius Statement:
“It is impossible to construct a device which
operates in a cycle and produce no other effect
than the transfer of heat energy from a lower
temperature body to a higher temperature body”
i.e.,
Heat does not transfer unaided from low
temperature body to high temperature body.
 Sink

RE

Source

Fig: A refrigerator violating Clausius statement

» Any device that violates the Kelvin-Planck
statement also violates the Clausius statement.

High temperature reservoir

Q1 Q1+Q2

HE RE
W

Q2
Low temperature reservoir

Fig: A refrigerator powered by 100% efficient heat engine

Combining the above two devices as one-
High temperature
reservoir
Q2

RE

Q2

Low temperature
reservoir
Fig: An equivalent refrigerator violating Clausius statement
» REFERENCES
• P K Nag, “Basic and Applied Thermodynamics”, TMH, 2nd Edition
• Cengel and Boles, “Thermodynamics: An engineering Approach”, TMH, 7th Edition.