Modeling Approaches to

Common Functions
General Mathematics for Grade 11
ESTABLISHED GOALS
• Content Standard
• The learner demonstrates understanding of the key
concepts of functions and their graphs.
• Performance Standard
• The learner is able to accurately construct
mathematical models to represent real-life
situations using functions.
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS

•How important are functions?

•How can graphs of functions facilitate
understanding of comparison between
two physical quantities?
Review
RELATIONS
It is a rule that relates values from a set
of values (called the domain) to a
second set of value (called the range).
The elements of the domain can be
imagined as input to a machine that
applies a rule to these inputs to
generate one or more outputs.
A relation is also a set of ordered pairs
(x,y).
FUNCTIONS
It is a relation where each elements in
the domain is related to ONLY ONE
value in the range
The elements of the domain can be
imagined as input to a machine that
applies a rule to these inputs to
generate one output only.
A function is a set of ordered pairs (x,y)
such that no two ordered pairs have
the same x-value but different y-
values.
Review
RELATIONS
It is a rule that relates values from a set
of values (called the domain) to a
second set of value (called the range).
The elements of the domain can be
imagined as input to a machine that
applies a rule to these inputs to
generate one or more outputs.
A relation is also a set of ordered pairs
(x,y).
FUNCTIONS
It is a relation where each elements in
the domain is related to ONLY ONE
value in the range
The elements of the domain can be
imagined as input to a machine that
applies a rule to these inputs to
generate one output only.
A function is a set of ordered pairs (x,y)
such that no two ordered pairs have
the same x-value but different y-
values.
Example of Function:
What is a function?
A= {(1,2), (3,4), (5,6), (7,8),…}
B= {(-8,7), (-3,7), (2,7), (7,7),}
C= {(1,1), (2,4), (3,9), (4,16)…}
D= {(-2,4),(-1,1),(0,0),(2,4)}
E= {(a,1),(b,2),(c,3),(d,4),(e,5)}

F= {(0,1),(1,5),(2,9),(1,13),(0,17)}
G= {(5,-1),(5,-2),(5,-3),(5,-4),…}
H= {(a,3),(a,-3),(b,4),(b,-4)}
Examples of functions:
• The area A of a circle is a function of its radius r.
(A=πr2)

• The approximate amount of community tax C(x)

paid by a taxpayer whose gross income is x, in
𝑥
pesos is 𝐶 𝑥 = 5 + .
1000
Examples of functions:
Set of Input Function Set of
Rule Output
Area of circle All radii r A=πr2 All areas A.
Amount of Tax All income x 𝑥 All tax amount
𝐶 𝑥 =5+
1000 C(x).

They show that the quantity depends on, or corresponds to,

or maps onto another quantity.
Examples of functions:
Set of Input Function Set of
Rule Output
Area of circle All radii r A=πr2 All areas A.
Amount of Tax All income x 𝑥 All tax amount
𝐶 𝑥 =5+
1000 C(x).

They show that the quantity depends on, or corresponds to,

or maps onto another quantity.
Definition of a Function

•A function is a rule of correspondence

between two non-empty sets, such that,
to each element of the first set called
domain, there corresponds one and only
one element of the second set called
range.
Definition of a Function

•A function may be described as a set of

ordered pairs such that NO TWO
ORDERED PAIRS HAVE THE SAME FIRST
ELEMENT.
Definition of a Function
•Which of the following sets of ordered pairs
are functions?

•A. { 1,2 , 2,3 , 3,4 , 4,5 }

•B. { 1,1 , 2,2 , 3,3 , 4,4 }
•C. { 1,0 , 0,1 , −1,0 , 0, −1 }
•D. { −2,4 , −1,1 , 0,0 , 1,1 , (2,4)}
Definition of a Function

•A function is often described as a

mapping of its domain onto its range.
Definition of a Function

•If a given mathematical relation is

presented in a graphical form, one can
easily determine whether it is a graph of
a function by using the Vertica Line Test.
Definition of a Function

•Vertical Line Test

•A graph of a mathematical relation is a
function if any vertical line drawn
passing through the graph intersects the
graph at exactly one point.
Domain and Range of a Function
• Finding the DOMAIN of a function:
1. Solve the equation for 𝑦 in terms of 𝑥.
A. If 𝑦 is a polynomial, the domain is the set of real numbers.
B. If 𝑦 is a rational expression with 𝑑(𝑥) as its denominator,
the domain is the set of real numbers, EXCEPT those values
of x that make 𝑑(𝑥) equal to 0.
𝑛
C. If y contains a radical expression 𝑟(𝑥) where 𝑛 is an even
natural number, the domain is the set of real numbers that
make 𝑟(𝑥) greater than or equal to zero.
Domain and Range of a Function
• Finding the RANGE of a function:
1. Solve the equation for 𝑥 in terms of 𝑦.
A. If 𝑥 is a polynomial, the range is the set of all real numbers. EXCLUDE
all restrictions in the defining equation, if there s any.
B. If 𝑥 is a rational expression with 𝑑(𝑦) as its denominator, the range
is the set of real numbers, EXCEPT those values of 𝑦 that make
𝑑(𝑦) equal to 0.
𝑛
C. If y contains a radical expression 𝑟(𝑦) where 𝑛 is an even natural
number, the domain is the set of real numbers that make 𝑟(𝑦)
greater than or equal to 0.
Domain and Range of a Function
• Determine the domain and range of each of the
following function.
1. 3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 4
2. 3𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 = 2
2
3. 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 4
4. 𝑦 = 5 − 2𝑥
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Activity
• Identify the domain, the function rule, and the
range of the following:
1. The volume of a spherical balloon of radius r is
4 3
given by 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 .
3
Activity
• Identify the domain, the function rule, and the
range of the following:
1. The volume of a spherical balloon of radius r is
4 3
given by 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 .
3