ELCELB1

CHAPTER Filters

PAGE
 Tuning a radio
 Consider tuning FM radio station.
 What allows your radio to isolate one station
from all of the adjacent stations?
Receiver tuned to 90.9 MHz

Frequency
90.3 90.7 91.1 91.5
(MHz)
WHID WSDL WHFC WBJC
Salisbury 90.5 Ocean City 90.9 Bel Air 91.3 Baltimore
WKHS WETA WMLU
Worton Washington Farmville
 Filters
 A filter is a frequency-selective circuit.
 Filters are designed to pass some frequencies
and reject others.

Receiver tuned to 90.9 MHz

Frequency
90.9 (MHz)
WETA
Washington
 Basic kinds of filters
 There are five basic kinds of filters:
 Low-pass filter. Passes frequencies below a critical
frequency called the cutoff frequency and attenuates
those above.
 High-pass filter. Passes frequencies above critical
frequency but rejects those below.
 Bandpass filter. Passes only frequencies in a
narrow range between upper and low cutoff.
 Band-reject filter. Rejects or stops frequencies in a
narrow range but passes others.
 Filters construction
 There are numerous ways to construct filters.
 Passive filters a composed of only passive
components (resistors, capacitors, inductors)
and do not provide amplification.
 Active filters typically employ RC networks and
amplifiers with feedback and offer a number of
advantages.
 Filter circuits
 Filter circuits depend on the fact that the
impedance of capacitors and inductors is a
function of frequency.

Some common bandpass filter circuits

 Passive Filters
 made up of passive components - resistors, capacitors
and inductors
 no amplifying elements (- transistors, op-amps, etc)
 no signal gain only a loss
 1st order - design is simple (just use standard equations
to find resonant frequency of the circuit) attenuation and
phase
 2nd order - complex equations
 require no power supplies
 not restricted by the bandwidth limitations of the op-amps
 can be used at very high frequencies
 can handle larger current or voltage levels than active
devices
 buffer amplifiers might be required
Frequency Response Curve or Bode Plot
(dB) Gain Bode Plot Phase (Deg)
0 0°

10 18°

20 36°

30 54°

40 72°

50 90°

60 +90°

70

0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000

W-Angular Velocity (rad/s)

Ideal LPF and HPF vs Real LPF and HPF
 Categories of Filters
Low Pass Filters: High Pass Filters:
pass all frequencies from dc up to pass all frequencies that are
the upper cutoff frequency. above its lower cutoff frequency

Av(dB)
Av(dB)

-
3dB { -3dB {

f f
f2 f1

Low-pass response High-pass response

Ideal BPF and BSF vs Real BPF and BSF
 Categories of Filters
Band Pass Filters:
pass only the frequencies that fall
between its values of the lower
and upper cutoff frequencies.
Band Stop (Notch) Filters:
eliminate all signals within the
stop band while passing all
frequencies outside this band.

Av(dB)
Av(dB)

-
3dB {
-
3dB {

f f
f1 f2 f1 f2

Band Pass Response Band Stop Response

 Bode Plots of Common Filters
Gain

Gain
Low Pass High Pass

Frequency Frequency

Band Pass
Band Reject
Gain

Gain

Frequency Frequency
Frequency Response of a 1st-order Low Pass Filter
Low Pass Filter Circuit

Low Pass Filter Circuit First Order

Second-order Low Pass Filter
Frequency Response 4th-order Low Pass Filter
 Example No1
Example No1

A Low Pass Filter circuit consisting of a resistor of 1 kΩ in

series with a capacitor of 1 µF is connected across a 10 V
sinusoidal supply.

Calculate the frequency, attenuation in dB’s, phase angle

and the output voltage (Vout) to be able to draw 5 Cycle
Bode Plot Graph

(HINT) Take fc = BPCF = Bode Plot Centre Frequency

 Table
FREQUENCY
= fc Put the formula Fc = BPCF

here

DECIBELS = Put the formula

dB here
-3 dB

PHASE Put the formula

ANGLE = here
-45

V OUT Put the formula

here
 Cut-off Frequency, attenuation, Phase
Shift and Vout
 Step 1 Calculate

 determine the decades below and

above
 Step 2 Set up table
 Step 3 Calculate the attenuations

 Step 4 Determine phase angles

 Cut-off Frequency, attenuation,
Phase Shift and Vout
Step 5 Calculate all Vout’s

 Plot the Gain versus phase angle graph on lin/log

graph paper
 EXAMPLE 3
For figure below, identify and answer the following questions:
3.1. This is a BPCF response curve / output wave {Circle the correct
answer} of a filter
3.2. The gain (ratio gain - not dB gain) at 1 Hz is ___________
3.3. The gain (ratio gain - not dB gain) at 160 Hz is ___________
3.4. The order of this filter is: ____________
3.5. The phase shift at the half power point is ____________
 Example No2

Example No1

A Low Pass Filter circuit consisting of a resistor

of 4k7 Ω in series with a capacitor of 47 nF is
connected across a 10 V sinusoidal supply.
Calculate the output voltage (Vout) at a frequency
of 100 Hz and again at frequency of 10,000 Hz or
10 kHz.
 Frequency Response
We can see above, that as the frequency increases from
100 Hz to 10 kHz, the output voltage (Vout) decreases from
9.9 V to 0.718 V. By plotting the output voltage against the
input frequency, the Frequency Response Curve or Bode Plot
function of the low pass filter can be found, as shown below.
Frequency Response of a 2nd-order Low Pass Filter
 Passive RC Low-Pass Filter
Responses
Gain Phase

Roll-off Slope for 1st Order: Phase Shift for 1st Order:
20dB/decade <= > 6dB/octave 0º @ low freq  -90º @ high freq
 Non Ideal Filter Response
Uneven gain Characteristics
in the pass
band Gradual transition from
Gain Passband to Stopband Phase

Nonlinear
1.5 Octaves phase slope
leading to
distortion

Passband Stopband
 Single-Pole Low/High-Pass Filter
+V +V
R1 C1
+ +
vin vin R1
C1 vout vout
- Rf1 - Rf1

-V -V

Rf2 Rf2

Low Pass Filter = Integrator High Pass Filter = Differentiator

 RC low-pass filter
 What is the ratio of the output voltage (Vo) to the
input voltage (Vs)?
 RC low-pass filter
 What is the ratio of the output voltage (Vo) to the
input voltage (Vs)?
ZC
Vo  Vs
R  ZC
1
Vo jC 1
 
Vs R  1 1  j RC
jC
Vo 1

Vs 1   RC 
2
 Homework
1. Deduce the gain in dB’s and phase equation in
degrees for the low pass filter circuit.
2. Construct a table (at proper frequency
intervals) and plot the gain and phase curves
on a sheet of log/lin graph paper.
3. Deduce the gain in dB’s and phase equation in
degrees for the high pass filter circuit.
4. Construct a table (at proper frequency
intervals) and plot the gain and phase curves
on a sheet of log/lin graph paper.
 RC low-pass filter
 A low-pass filter passes frequencies below a
critical frequency called the cutoff frequency and
attenuates those above.

Vo
passband reject-band
Vs

0 dB “ideal” filter output

actual filter output

fco f (Hz)
cutoff frequency

RC low-pass filter response

 Cut-off frequency
 The cutoff frequency is frequency at which the
output amplitude is 70.7% of the input.

Vo
passband reject-band
Vo 1 1
  Vs
Vs 1   RC 
2 2
0 dB “ideal” filter output
which implies actual filter output

co  [rad/sec]
RC
 fco f (Hz)
or f co  [Hz]
2 RC cutoff frequency

RC low-pass filter response

 Example Problem 2
What is the cutoff frequency of a single-section RC low-
pass filter with R = 8.2 kW and C = 0.0022 mF?
 RL low-pass filter
 A low-pass filter can also be implemented with a
resistor and inductor, the cutoff frequency is
given
R
fco  [Hz] passband reject-band
2 L Vo
Vs

0 dB “ideal” filter output

actual filter output

fco f (Hz)
cutoff frequency

RL low-pass filter response

 Filters
 Notice the placement of the elements in RC and
RL low-pass filters.

RC low-pass filter RL low-pass filter

 What would result if the position of the elements

were switched in each circuit?
 High-pass filter
 Switching elements results in a high-pass filter.
1 R
fco  or fco  [Hz]
2 RC 2 L

Vo
reject-band passband
Vs

0 dB “ideal”

actual

fco f (Hz)
cutoff frequency

high-pass filter response

 Example Problem 3
What resistor value R will produce a cutoff frequency of
3.4 kHz with a 0.047-mF capacitor? Is this a high-pass or
low-pass filter?
 Improving filter response (S3)
 One method of creating a more selective filter is
to cascade filter stages.

Two stage RC filter

 The attenuation of this two-stage filter is 40

dB/decade instead of 20 dB/decade.
 LC Filters ( in S3 )
 At higher frequencies ( > 100-kHz), it is more
common to find LC filters made with inductors
and capacitors.
 The response curves of the major families of
filters are shown below.
Bandpass filter
 A bandpass filter passes frequencies below a
critical frequency called the cut-off frequency
and attenuates those above.

Vo
passband
Vs

0 dB “ideal” filter output

actual filter output

f1 fc f2 f (Hz)
lower cutoff upper cutoff
center frequency
LC bandpass filter response
 Homework
 The passive High Pass Filter is now in your hands
 Deduce the gain in dB’s and phase equation in degrees
for the high pass filter circuit below.
 Plot/Create the transfer characteristics (gain and phase)
for a passive High Pass Filter. Show all calculations. Use
C=0.1 μF and R=1.5 kΩ. [Plot only the frequencies Fo,
Fo/10 and Fo x 10 on your sheet log-lin graph paper].
C

0,1mF
Vin R 1,5KW Vout