Analysis and Design of A Frame For A G+2 Hostel Building

Analysis and Design of a Frame for a
G+2
Hostel Building
Chintareddy Prashanth (CIB13003)
Rishabh Mandal (CIB13005)
Abhishek Bhattacharjee (CIB13045)
Kamlesh Kumar (CIB13061)
Ritu Paban Bora (CIB13063)
Plan of building at all floor levels
All the dimensions are in meters

Frame A-A chosen for analysis and design
FRAME A-A
Preliminary data of frame A-A
1. Type of structure Multi storey rigid jointed frame
2. Zone V
3. Terrace water finish (TWF) 1.5 KN/m2
4. No of storey Three (G+2)
5. Ground storey height 3.5 m
6. Floor to floor height 3.5 m
7. External and internal walls 250 mm thick including plaster
8. Materials (concrete and steel) M25 and Fe 415
9. Live load (at roof) 2 kN/m2
10. Live load (at floor level) 4 kN/m2
11. Seismic analysis Dynamic analysis method (IS 1893 (Part I): 2002)
12. Design philosophy Limit state method confirming to IS 456 : 2000
13. Ductility design IS 13920 : 2016
14. Size of column 400 x 400 mm
15. Size of beams 300 x 450 mm
16. Depth of slab 150 mm
17. Parapet wall height 1m
Dead loads on frame A-A
Results of Kani’s method
M1,2 = -8.04 kNm M8,9 = 14.41 kNm M16,17 = 8.04 kNm M13,14 = -14.41 kNm
M2,7 = 39.15 kNm M4,3 = -20.08 kNm M17,12 = -39.15 kNm M19,18 = 20.08 kNm
M2,3 = -22.91 kNm M4,5 = -20.86 kNm M17,18 = 22.91 kNm M19,20 = 20.86 kNm
M6,7 = 5.68 kNm M4,9 = 40.8 kNm M11,12 = -5.68 kNm M19,14 = -40.8 kNm
M = 15.33 kNm M = 12.66 kNm M = -15.33 kNm M = -12.66 kNm
Live loads on the frame A-A
Results of Kani’s method
M7,12 = 4.94 kNm M9,8 = 5 kNm M12,7 = -4.94 kNm M14,13 = -5 kNm
Calculation of Lumped Masses
The lumped mass at various floor level (from top to bottom) calculated are:
• W1= 69.4 tonnes
• W2= 86.5 tonnes
• W3= 86.5 tonnes
• W4= 67.8 tonnes
Therefore, seismic weight of building = W1+ W2+ W3+ W4 = 310.2 tonnes
Calculation of stiffness coefficient of columns at various floors (considering the stiffness of Infill wall)
K1 = 4k1+2Kw = 4×14903.80+2×382429.2= 824473.62 kN/m

Similarly,
K1= K2= K3= K4= 824473.62 kN/m
Stiffness Matrix, K
 K1  K 2  K2 0 0 
 K K 2  K3  K3 0 
K  2 
 0  K 3 K 3  K 4  K 4
 0 0  K4 K 4 
 1648947.25  824473.62 0 0 
 824473.62 1648947.25  824473.62 0 
  kN / m
0  824473.62 1648947.25  824473.62
 
 0 0  824473.62 824473.62 
Eigen values and Eigen vectors
• For the above stiffness and mass matrices, Eigen values and Eigen vectors
are,
1 2
0 0 0  1281 0 0 0 
  
 0  22 0 0  0 11068 0 0 
• Eigen values  
2
 0 0  32 0   0 0 25762 0 
 2  
 0 0 0  4   0 0 0 35936
  0.23 0.535 0.64 0.59 

• Eigen vectors   0.43 0 . 57  0.108  0.60 
{ }  {1234 }  
 0.58  0.055  0.566 0.48 
 
 0.65  0.62 0.51  0.245
Determination of Modal Participation factor
•
Amount by which mode k contributes to the overall vibration of structure is called modal participation
factor
Pk =
Where
• Wi = modal mass of ith storey
• Φik = mode shape of mode k of ith storey
Putting the values in the above equation
• P1= -0.2
• P2= -1.95
• P3= -0.088
• P4= -0.0016
Determination of Modal Mass
• of total seismic mass of structure that is effective in mode k of vibration is

Part
called modal mass.
Mk =
Putting the values in the equation
• M1 = 3.2
• M2= 290.81
• M3= 0.304
• M4= 0.00021
Total modal mass, M = M1+ M2+ M3+ M4
= 310
Modal contribution of various models
•For mode 1
= = 0.905 = 90.5%
For mode 2
= = 0.0682 = 6.82%
For mode 3
= = 0.01848 = 1.85%
For mode 4
= = 0.0079 = 0.79%
Design lateral force at each floor in each mode
• Design lateral force (Qik) at floor i in mode k

• Qi1 = (A1×P1× Φi1×Wi)
 A1  P1  11  W1  (0.135)  (1.90)  (0.23)  (69.4  9.81) 40.165
 A  P    W   (0.135)  (1.90)  (0.43)  (86.5  9.81)   93.59 
Qi1   1 1 21 2      kN
 A1  P1  31  W3  (0.135)  (1.90)  (0.58)  (86.5  9.81)  126.24 
     
A  P  
 1 1 41 4    W ( 0.135)  ( 1 .90)  ( 0 .65)  ( 67. 8  9 .81)  110 .89 
Similarly,  10.42   5.71 

 19.96   7.23
 26.50    2.19 
Qi 3    kN Qi 3    kN
Qi 2    kN
 11 .48  5.785 
  2.56   
      2.31
  22.59   8.11 
Storey shear force due to all modes considered
• peak shear force (Vik) acting in storey i in mode k is given by

The
Vik=
Where, Qik= Design lateral force at floor i in mode k
 V11  Q11  Q 21  Q 31  Q 41  370.885
n V   Q Q Q   330.72 
Vi1 = Q
ji 1
i1   21  
 V31 


21 31
Q 31  Q 41
41 
  237.13 
 kN
     
 V41   Q 41   110 .89 
V12 
Similarly,  21.31  V13   4.86  V14   1.96 
V   1.35  V   5.86 V   3.76
Vi 2  
22  kN , Vi 3     
23  kN , Vi 4   24     kN
V32    25.13 V33   3.37  V34   3.475 
           
V 42   22.59 V 43   8.11  V 44    2.31
Determination of lateral force at each storey
At roof,
•F4=V4= 40.65 kN
At 2nd floor,
•F3=V3-V4=82.06-40.65
= 41.41 kN
At 1st floor
•F2=V2-V3=123.016-82.06
=125.35 kN
At ground floor
•F1= V1-V2= 137.54-123.016
= 14.524 kN
Horizontal loads acting on the frame
Load combinations
Member Node Forces Dead Live Earthquake Load load case 1 load case load case 3 load case 4 load case 5 load case 6 load case 7
No. No. Load Load 2
AXIAL 233 70.88 -225.14 455.81 94.48 634.82 11.79 687.21 -128.01 547.41
1 SHEAR -6.9 -2.19 61.92 -13.64 63.4 -85.21 82.53 -103.23 86.67 -99.09
MOMENT -8.04 -2.55 108.36 -15.89 117.32 -142.74 150.48 -174.6 155.304 -169.776
1
AXIAL -233 -70.88 225.14 -455.8 -94.48 -634.82 -11.79 -687.21 128.01 -547.41
2 SHEAR 6.9 2.19 -61.92 13.64 -63.4 85.21 -82.53 103.23 -86.67 99.09
MOMENT -16.08 -5.1 108.36 -31.77 104.616 -155.448 138.42 -186.66 148.068 -177.012
AXIAL -5.84 -1.83 33.97 -11.505 31.56 -49.968 42.195 -59.715 45.699 -56.211
2 SHEAR 64.3 20.25 -91.04 126.825 -7.788 210.708 -40.11 233.01 -78.69 194.43
MOMENT 39.15 12.4 -204.84 77.325 -183.948 307.668 -248.535 365.985 -272.025 342.495
17
AXIAL 5.84 1.83 -33.97 11.505 -31.56 49.968 -42.195 59.715 -45.699 56.211
7 SHEAR 64.3 20.25 91.04 126.825 210.708 -7.788 233.01 -40.11 194.43 -78.69
MOMENT -45.72 -14.2 -204.84 -89.88 -317.712 173.904 -375.84 238.68 -348.408 266.112
Design of Beams of Frame A-A
Codes of Practice
• A detailed design of beams of frame A-A has been carried out with
design aids of
IS 456:2000
IS 456:1978
IS 13920:2016
Preliminary Details (IS 13920: 2016)
Clause
Description of Clause Remarks
number
5.1 Member shall be designed according to IS 456:2000 OK
5.2 Buildings > 3 storey height, minimum grade of concrete M20 OK
5.3 Steel reinforcement of grade Fe415 or less shall be used OK
6.1 Factored axial stress less than 0.08fck OK
6.1.1 The member shall preferably have a width to depth ratio > 0.3
Width/Depth = 300/450 = 0.67 > 0.3 OK
6.1.2 Width ≮≮ 200 mm = 300 mm OK
6.1.3 Depth >≮ ¼ (clear span) i.e. ¼ (4500-400) = 1025 mm OK
Design moments of Beams
Hogging moment (kNm) Sagging moment (kNm)
Beam No.
Left Right Left Right
17 365.98 375.84 286.11 272
18 334.60 334.60 290.85 334.60
19 375.84 365.98 272.02 266.12
20 309.87 318.22 207.58 212.60
21 274 274 234.12 234.12
22 318.22 285.55 212.6 207.58
23 215.2 223 112.56 117.27
24 178.74 178.74 139.14 139.14
25 223 215.20 117.27 112.56
26 81.66 91.875 24.315 30.44
27 68.64 68.64 38.256 38.256
28 91.875 81.66 30.44 24.315
Various sections considered in beam
Results of longitudinal reinforcement design of
beams
Reinforcement Provided
Beam No At left Section At mid-Section At right Section

Top Reinforcement Bottom reinforcement Bottom reinforcement Top Reinforcement Bottom reinforcement
17 6-25 φ 5-25 φ 2-25 φ 6-25 φ 5-25 φ

18 6-25 φ 5-25 φ - 6-25 φ 5-25 φ
19 6-25 φ 5-25 φ 2-25 φ 6-25 φ 5-25 φ
20 5-25 φ 4-25 φ 2-25 φ 5-25 φ 4-25 φ
21 5-25 φ 4-25 φ - 5-25 φ 4-25 φ
22 5-25 φ 4-25 φ 2-25 φ 5-25 φ 4-25 φ
23 6-20 φ 3-20 φ 2-20 φ 6-20 φ 3-20 φ
24 5-20 φ 4-20 φ - 5-20 φ 4-20 φ
25 6-20 φ 3-20 φ 2-20 φ 6-20 φ 3-20 φ
26 6-12 φ 3-12 φ 3-12 φ 6-12 φ 3-12 φ
27 5-12 φ 3-12 φ - 5-12 φ 3-12 φ
28 6-12 φ 3-12 φ 3-12 φ 6-12 φ 3-12 φ
Check for deflection control
•
• = = 2.35%
•
• = 0.58×415× = 231 N/mm2
• = = 1.96%
•= 26× = 26×0.83×1.38 = 29.8 ( Clause 23.2.1 IS 456: 2000)
•= = 10.78
• Hence OK.
Development length, Ld
•
• As per Clause 26.2.1.1 of IS 456:2000,
• For tension reinforcement, = 1.4×1.6 = 2.24 N/mm2
• For compression reinforcement, = 1.4×1.6×1.25 = 2.8 N/mm2
• Ld for 25 mm diameter bars in tension= = 1007.40 mm
• Ld for 25 mm diameter bars in compression = =805 mm
• Provide development length 1000 mm for bars in tension 800 mm for bars in
compression.
• Anchorage length = 1000+ 25×10 – 300 = 800 mm

Ductile detailing
Clause Description Remarks
6.2.1 (a) Beam shall have at least two 12 mm diameter bar each at the top Ok
and bottom faces.
6.2.1 (b) b) Minimum longitudinal steel ratio required at any face = 0.24× Ok
= 0.289%, but longitudinal steel ratio provided = 1.72%
6.2.2 Maximum steel ratio to be provided at any section = 2.5%, ok

given 2.35%
DESIGN OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
Maximum shear Maximum shear
Beam Node force from load force by IS- Maximum of both Diameter of shear Spacing of
combinations 13920 reinforcement stirrups, Sv
No. No. (kN) (mm) (mm)
(kN) (kN)
2 233 114.91 233 10 100
17
7 233 317.83 317.83 12 100
7 341.2 454.83 454.83 12 70
18
12 341.2 518.83 518.83 12 65
12 233 114.91 233 10 100
19
17 233 296.68 296.68 10 80
3 207 71.8 207 10 110
20
8 207 274.72 274.72 10 80
8 283 357.83 357.83 12 90
21
13 283 421.83 421.83 12 80
13 207 71.8 207 10 110
22
18 207 251.19 251.19 10 90
Detailing of Beam 17
Design of Column
•• Column size 400mm ×400 mm

• Maximum axial load, Pu = 687.21 kN
• Maximum moment, Mu = 175 kNm
• Length of the column = 3.50 m
• Nominal cover = 25 mm
• Effective length = 0.65×3.50 = 2.275 m (Table 28, IS 456:2000)
• = = 8.75 ≮ 12
• Hence it is a short column.
e
Hence, it is to be designed as short column subjected to axial loading and bending
= 8×200.96 = 1607.68 mm2
Ductile design and detailing of column 1
•(i) Axial stress = = = 4.29 0.08 = 0.08×25 =2
Hence, IS 13920: 2016 specifications will be applicable.
(ii) Minimum dimension of the member ≮≮ 250 mm (400 mm), Hence ok
(iii) ≮≮ 0.4
= 1 ≮≮ 0.4 Hence, ok
Sway to right
••For node no 2, the beam heading into the column is 17.
• Hogging moment of resistance heading in to the left face of the column at node 2 is zero (as
there is no beam heading into column at node 2)
• Sagging moment of resistance of beam heading into right face of the column is 313.75 kNm
• Factored shear force,
=
Where,
= Limiting moment of resistance of beam framing into column from the left
= Limiting moment of resistance of beam framing into column from the right
is the storey height.
= 1.4= 125.5 kN
Sway to Left
• For node no 2, the beam heading into the column is 17.

• Hogging moment of resistance heading in to the left face of the column at node 2
is zero (as there is no beam heading into column at node 2)
• Sagging moment of resistance heading into right face of the column is 381.73
kNm as per Table 6-8 a
• Factored shear force,
= 1.4= 152.69 kN
Design of Lateral ties
• Percentage of steel Pt =
= = 1.067%
• Design shear strength, τc = 0.64 N/mm2 (from table 19 of IS 456: 2000)
• Shear capacity, = τc bd
= = 96 kN
Provide two-legged stirrups of 10 mm dia. @ 130 mm c/c.

Special confining reinforcement
•
• Special confining reinforcement will provide over a length of l o towards
the mid span of column
• Spacing of hoop shall not exceed,

(i) ×minimum member dimension = = 100 mm
(ii) 6dia. of smallest longitudinal reinforcement = 6×16 = 96 mm
(iii) Should not greater than 100 mm.
Minimum area of cross section of hoop reinforcement bars
= 0.18×200×75××= 32.68 mm2
Design of longitudinal reinforcement of exterior
columns (a)
Maximum Maximum p% Area of steel

Node of b d
Column No. moment axial load Percentage of Required
column (mm) (mm)
(kNm) (kN) steel required (mm2 )
1 2 400 375 186 687.21 0.172 0.116 0.04 1.0 1600

375
2 2 400 180 454.3 0.114 0.113 0.0467 1.167 1866.7
375
3 3 400 135 247.15 0.062 0.085 0.0467 1.167 1866.7
375
4 5 400 82 82.25 0.021 0.051 0.0467 1.167 1866.7
375
13 17 400 187 672 0.17 0.117 0.04 1.0 1600
375
14 17 400 180 454 0.114 0.113 0.047 1.17 1866.7
375
15 18 400 134.8 247 0.062 0.084 0.047 1.17 1866.7
375
16 19 400 87 82.25 0.021 0.054 0.02 0.50 800
Design of longitudinal reinforcement of exterior columns (b)
Diameter of Diameter of Asc

Column Node of Asc No. Of bars No. Of bars Total no. of
type 1 bar type 2 bar Provided
No. column (mm2) of type 1 of type 2 bars
(mm) (mm) (mm2)
1 2 1600 16 12 8 0 8 1607.68
2 2 1866.66 20 16 3 5 8 1946.8
3 3 1866.66 20 16 3 5 8 1946.8
4 5 800 16 12 0 8 8 904.32
13 17 1600 16 12 8 0 8 1607.68
14 17 1866.66 20 12 5 3 8 1909.12
15 18 1866.66 20 12 5 3 8 1909.12
16 19 800 16 12 0 8 8 904.32
Determination of maximum shear force for columns
Column No. Node Design shear force from Design shear force from shear force from load Max. of (a), (b), or (c),
sway to right condition (a) sway to left condition (b) combinations (c) design shear force
No.
(kN) (kN) (kN) (kN)
1 1 0 0 103.23 103.23
2 125.5 152.692 103.23 152.692
2 2 125.5 152.692 102 152.692
3 97.26 125.5 77 125.5
3 3 97.26 125.5 77 125.5
4 49.744 95.256 46.67 95.256
4 4 49.744 95.256 46.67 95.256
5 13.372 37.752 193 193
5 6 0 0 193 193
7 278.192 278.192 178 278.192
6 7 278.192 278.192 178 278.192
8 222.76 222.76 132 222.76
7 8 222.76 222.76 132 222.76
9 158.76 122.544 132 158.76
8 9 158.76 122.544 69 158.76
10 57.164 45.732 69 69
Design of column for shear force
Dia. of shear Two legged

Asc provided ×100 Design Shear Shear Sv
Column No. Node reinforcement Asv Vus (kN)
(mm2) (mm2) Strength Capacity (mm)
(mm) (mm2)
1 1 1607.68 1.067 0.64 102.4 10 157 200 106.28
2 1607.68 1.067 0.64 102.4 10 157 130 163.51
2 2 1946.8 1.244 0.72 115.2 10 157 130 163.51
3 1946.8 1.244 0.72 115.2 10 157 150 141.71
3 3 1946.8 1.244 0.72 115.2 10 157 150 141.71
4 1946.8 1.244 0.72 115.2 8 100.48 130 104.64
4 4 904.32 0.533 0.49 78.4 8 100.48 130 104.6
5 904.32 0.533 0.49 78.4 10 157 100 212.56
5 6 4923.52 3.289 0.92 147.2 10 157 100 212.56
7 4923.52 3.289 0.92 147.2 12 226 110 278.27
6 7 4509.04 2.933 0.91 145.6 12 226 110 278.27
8 4509.04 2.933 0.91 145.6 12 226 130 235.46
7 8 3169.83 2.133 0.83 132.8 12 226 130 235.46
9 3169.83 2.133 0.83 132.8 10 157 130 163.51
8 9 1431.84 0.889 0.6 96 10 157 130 163.51
10 1431.84 0.889 0.6 96 8 100.48 180 75.57
Detailing of Column 1
Design of slab
•• l x = length of shorter span = 4.2 m

• ly = length of longer span = 4.2 m
• = = 1 ≮ 2 hence this is a two way slab.
• Providing slab depth (D) of 150 mm
• Providing clear cover as 20 mm and 8 mm as the dia. of main bar
• Effective depth, d = 150-20-4 = 126 mm
• Factored or designed load = 8.75×1.5 = 13.125 kN/m
• Since the slab is supported on all the four sides and its corners are continuous so it is an interior panel
• Mux = Moment on strips of unit width spanning l x = 5.56 kNm
• Muy = Moment on strips of unit width spanning l y = 5.56 kNm+

• Provide 8 mm dia. bars @ 280 mm c/c in the middle strip of width 4.2 m
• Similarly, provide 8 mm dia. bars @ 280 mm c/c in the edge strip of width.
Check for shear
• Nominal shear stress, τv =

= = 0.22 N/mm2
• For Pt = 0.14 and M25 concrete,

τc = 0.29 N/mm2 Table 19 of IS 456: 2000
• For 150 mm thickness of slab K = 1.3 (from Cl. 40.2.1.1 of IS 456:2000)
• τc = 0.29×1.3 = 0.37 N/mm2 τv
• Hence, shear reinforcement is not required
Check for deflection
• Pt = 0.14 %
= 0.58
= 0.58×415
= 240.70 N/mm2
• For Pt = 0.14% and = 240.70 N/mm2 from fig.4 of IS456: 2000 kt = 2
= 26×2 = 52 ( ) = 28
• Hence OK
Detailing of Slab
Design of footing
• Column size = 400 mm × 400 mm

• Factored axial load, = 688 kN
• Uniaxial moment, Mu = 174.6 kNm
• Grade of concrete = M25
• Grade of steel = Fe415
• Self-weight of footing + backfill = 15% of = 0.15×688= 103.2 kN
• Total load on the footing = 688+103.2 = 791.20 kN
• For square isolated footing, B = L
B = 2.58 m
Adopt B = L= 3 m
Projection in both direction = 1300 mm
• Thickness of footing based on one-way, two-way
shear and bending moment consideration
= 500 mm
Design of flexural reinforcement
•
• The critical section for moment are located at the faces of column in both directions (X-X and Y-
Y)
(a) Span in X-X direction (L= 3000 mm)
• = 0.0816 N/mm2 at face of column
• = 0.115 N/mm2 at edge of footing
mm2
• We provided 16 mm dia bars.
• No of bars = = 12.45 = 13 bars
• Spacing = = 236.17 mm
• Hence, provide 13-16 mm dia. bars @ 230 mm c/c.
Continued…
•(b) Span in Y-Y direction (B = 3000 mm)
• The average pressure on soil between the edge and center of footing
= = 0.098 N/mm2
• mm2
• We provide 16 mm dia. bars.
• No of bars = = 12.45 = 13 bars
• Spacing = = 236.17 mm
• Hence, provide 13-16 mm dia. bars @ 230 mm c/c.
• Development length provided = 644.73 mm
Detailing of footing
Design of combined footing beneath columns 5 and 9
•• Column Size = 400 mm × 400 mm
• P1 = P2 = 888 kN
• Bearing Capacity, q˳ = 120 kN/m2
Area of footing
• Total column load = 2× 888 = 1776 kN
• Assuming self-weight of footing as 10% of total weight = 177.6 kN
• Total load, w = 1953.6 kN
• Area of footing required = = = 16.28 m2
• Assume, available width = 3.4 m
• Adopt, L= 4.8 m
Upward soil pressure = = = 108.82 kN/m2
Factored soil pressure = 1.5 × 108.82 = 163.24 kN/m2
Plan of combined footing
Loading, SFD and BMD distribution for combined footing
Thickness of Footing
Thickness of footing based on one-way, two-way shear and bending

moment consideration = 500 mm
Longitudinal reinforcement
(i) Positive moment reinforcement

Required reinforcement, Ast = 3174.8 mm2
Provide 16-16 mm diameter bars @ 200 mm c/c under column C1
and C2
(ii) Negative moment reinforcement
Required reinforcement, Ast = 2244 mm2
Provide 12-16 mm diameter bars @ 280 mm c/c as top
reinforcement.
Transverse Reinforcement
•
• Required reinforcement, Ast = 2684.74 mm2
• Using 16 mm diameter bars,
• Spacing required = = 156.47 mm
• No. of 16 mm diameter bars = = 13.36 = 14 bars
• Hence, provide 14-16 mm diameter bars @ 150 mm c/c under the column
C1 and C2
• In the middle portion provide 16 mm diameter bars @ 300 mm c/c.
Plan of bottom reinforcement
Plan of top reinforcement
Cross section of footing
Thank you

Analysis and Design of A Frame For A G+2 Hostel Building

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Analysis and Design of A Frame For A G+2 Hostel Building

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Analysis and Design of a Frame for a

All the dimensions are in meters

K1 = 4k1+2Kw = 4×14903.80+2×382429.2= 824473.62 kN/m

  0.23 0.535 0.64 0.59 

• of total seismic mass of structure that is effective in mode k of vibration is

• Design lateral force (Qik) at floor i in mode k

Similarly,  10.42   5.71 

• peak shear force (Vik) acting in storey i in mode k is given by

Beam No At left Section At mid-Section At right Section

17 6-25 φ 5-25 φ 2-25 φ 6-25 φ 5-25 φ

• Anchorage length = 1000+ 25×10 – 300 = 800 mm

6.2.2 Maximum steel ratio to be provided at any section = 2.5%, ok

•• Column size 400mm ×400 mm

(ii) Minimum dimension of the member ≮≮ 250 mm (400 mm), Hence ok

• For node no 2, the beam heading into the column is 17.

Provide two-legged stirrups of 10 mm dia. @ 130 mm c/c.

• Spacing of hoop shall not exceed,

Maximum Maximum p% Area of steel

1 2 400 375 186 687.21 0.172 0.116 0.04 1.0 1600

Diameter of Diameter of Asc

Dia. of shear Two legged

•• l x = length of shorter span = 4.2 m

• Muy = Moment on strips of unit width spanning l y = 5.56 kNm+

• Nominal shear stress, τv =

• For Pt = 0.14 and M25 concrete,

• Column size = 400 mm × 400 mm

Thickness of footing based on one-way, two-way shear and bending

(i) Positive moment reinforcement

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