Primary and Secondary

Groups; In-Groups and Out-

Groups; Reference Groups;
Network
By: Ms. Arlyn Joy M. Hervias
Instructress
Learning Objectives:
• Compare different social forms of organization according
to their manifest and latent functions
• Analyze social and political structures
 Picture Analysis!
COLUMN A COLUMN B
 Picture Analysis!
COLUMN A COLUMN B
 Primary Groups
- is a small, intimate, and less specialized group
whose members engage in face – to – face and
emotion-based interactions over an extended
period of time.

- Characterized by deep and profound

relationship with each other.

- Ex: family, close friends, work-related peers,

classmates and church groups.
 Primary Groups

- are the first groups where an individual

experience his or her initial encounter with
social affinity and belonging.

- It is in this group that an individual establishes

and defines his or her identity, values, ideals,
and aspirations.
 Primary Groups

- In Philippines, the primary group affiliation of

Filipinos is based on kinship.
 Secondary Groups

- are larger, less intimate, and more specialized

groups where members engage in impersonal
and objective-oriented relationship for a limited
time.

- Level of interaction and interdependence is not

deep and significant.
 Secondary Groups

Examples: Employees relationship towards their

colleagues, professional relationship
between lawyer and clients,
corporations, stockholders, and
shareholders.
Through time, much of peoples’ time will be spent
with secondary groups given the continued
urbanization and expansion of societies.
 IN-GROUPS AND OUT-GROUPS
• Self – categorization Theory – proposes that people’s
appreciation of their group membership is influenced by
their perception towards people who are not members of
their groups.

• In-group – a group which one belongs and which one feels a

sense of identity.

• Out-group – a group to which one does not belong and to

which he or she may feel a sense of competitiveness or
hostility.
 Characteristics of In-Groups:
• Members of the group devise ways to distinguish themselves
from non members.
Ex: group titles, group symbols that represent the groups,
rituals required for membership.
• They exhibit positive attitudes and behavior toward their
fellow members for the most part.
• Similarities and shared experiences foster unity and
cooperation
 Representative example of a Group
• Fraternities – is an exclusive all-male student organization.
• Sorority – is an exclusive all-female organization.
• Both group is a network that weaves past and present
members into an interconnected entity from different
generations.
• Both have their respective names (e.g. Alpha Phi Omega,
Sigma Rho, Upsilon Sigma Phi, etc.), symbols, flagship
activities, and other markers of differentiation.
 Issues from a Group
• Certain fraternities issues regarding to their initiation rites that
have resulted in the deaths of several aspiring members.
• Other issue that concern in certain fraternities is the clashes
between rival fraternities.
 Strong cohesion of the group
 Defend their identity and integrity
ex. In 1998, an innocent male college in UP-Diliman killed by a
hired gunman of a fraternity who thought he was a member of a
rival fraternity.
 Issues from a Group
• Certain fraternities issues regarding to their initiation rites that
have resulted in the deaths of several aspiring members.
• Other issue that concern in certain fraternities is the clashes
between rival fraternities.
 Strong cohesion of the group
 Defend their identity and integrity
ex. In 1998, an innocent male college in UP-Diliman killed by a
hired gunman of a fraternity who thought he was a member of a
rival fraternity.
 Reference Groups
• Most significant and influential social group
• A group to which an individual compares himself or
herself.
• Such groups strongly influence an individual’s
behavior and social attitudes.
• Ex:primary groups, in-groups, sports team, dance
group, political organization
 Networks

• Refers to the structure of relationships between social

actors or groups. These are interconnections, ties, and
linkages between people, their groups, and the larger
social institutions to which they all belong to.
Ex: Twitter, facebook, instagram.
 Networks

• Modern socities feature more expansive, diverse, and

overlapping social networks than primitive ones.
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL
INSTITUTIONS
Answer the following questions with the given format.

1. Ho will you describe your community 10 years ago?

2. What were the characteristics of your community in the past?
3. Describe your present community

SOCIETY
PAST PRESENT
Evolution of Social and Political Institutions
• 19th Century – Lewis Henry Morgan (anthropologist) came up with
an evolutionary scheme that divided history into three stages of
development – savagery, barbarism, and civilization.
1. Savage stage – lowest stage of development which is exemplified
by nomadic and hunter-gatherer lifestyle.

2. Barbaric Stage – middle stage of development where people began

learning agricultural techniques and the
domestication of animals.

3. Civilized Stage – highest stage of development where people

learned writing.
Evolution of Social and Political Institutions
• 20th Century – Herbert Spencer applied Charles Darwin’s principles
of biological evolution to social evolution.

For Spencer, individual members within societies engage in

competition for survival whereby the superior one dominates the
inferior type.

• Franz Boas – cultural relativism.

An individual’s attitudes, beliefs, and ideas are based on the cultural

context of his or her society.

He argued that human behavior is not rooted in biology but socially

constructed.
 Band – level societies or “bands”
• Small and nomadic groups and were plainly organized.
• Division of labor (men – hunter ; women – gatherers)
• Leadership was based on strength, intelligence, and trustworthiness.

• Decisions made were usually concerned with moving to another

territory, food distribution, and the settlement of interpersonal
conflict.
• Band-level societies were not considered as political organizations.
 Emergence of More Complex Social Organization
• Came about during the advent of agriculture and the organization of
permanent settlements.
• Invention of tools, introduction of new and varied task, and
increasingly complex social interactions and communication.
• Establishment of tribe
• Headman – leader of the tribe.
• Chiefdom – political organization at this time.
 Industrial Revolution
• This event introduced social, cultural, and political changes in the
lives of the people in Europe during mid-1700s until 1800s.
• Increased migration
• Growth of urban population
• Changes in lifestyle
• Increased production
• Technological advancement
• Rise of the middle class.
• Discovery of steam power led to the development of the
factories.
• Agricultural societies transformed into Industrial Societies.
 Social Institutions
- refers to organized sets of elements such as beliefs, rules,
practices, and relationships that exist to attain social order.
Ex: family, economy, education, health, religion, etc.

Two Perspectives:
1. Institutional Approach – tells us that social institutions
are ordered set of rules, norms, beliefs or
values that organize human behavior.
2. Rational Approach – focuses on social relations rather
than rules, norms, or beliefs.
 Family, Marriage, and Kinship
Family
- is a group of people related by birth, marriage, and a
shared residence.
Kinds of Families:
1. Nuclear Families – Families composed of parents and
children.
2. Extended Families – composed of nuclear family and
other relatives such as grandparents, aunts, uncles,
and cousins.
3. Reconstituted Families – composed of spouses and their
children from a previous marriage.
 Nature of families in recent times has undergone certain
transformations:

• Emergence of single-parent families.

• OFW has led to the establishment of a family wherein a
parent or even both parents are not present.
• Same-sex spouses
• Married couples who are childless
• Families with adopted children
• Growing number of broken families
 Family is also the basis of kinship.

Social structure defined by relations among

individuals linked by blood or marriage ties.

Kinship ties based on descent can be:

1. Matrilineal – one’s descent is based on the female line.
2. Patrilineal – one’s descent is based on the male line.
3. Bilineal – descent is based on both male and female line.
MARRIAGES can either be monogamous or polygamous.

Monogamous – A spouse cannot have more than one spouse.

Polygamous – a person can have more than one spouse.

Polygyny – husband could take many wives

Polyandry – a wife can have many husbands.

 ECONOMY
is an institution that addresses questions regarding
resources of society.

What should be How are these products are

produced? going to be produced?
How much are these
products?
 ECONOMY
For LIBERAL ECONOMISTS: Those questions regarding the
resources of the society should be determined by the MARKET.

Accdg. to Adam Smith, markets are self-regulating

mechanism.
• Determines the number of goods that will be made
available to the members of society.
• Its prices in the market.
• Consumers and suppliers are free to decide for
themselves in participating in market activities,
therefore there is no need for state intervention in the
economy.
 ECONOMY
For SOCIALIST: Bourgeoisie controls the means of production
would have an overwhelming control in the free-market economy.

• Bourgeoisie made up of those who are involved in the

financial sector like bankers, industrialists, and owners
of corporations.
• Proletariat are those laborers.
 EDUCATIONAL AND HEALTH INSTITUTIONS
Educational Institutions
• Ensure that individuals are functionally literate.
• They also transmit culture.
• Schools and teachers are agents of socialization.
• Feed the economy with skilled and competent individuals to
ensure continuous economic productivity.
• BEFORE:
• Educational institutions were limited to elitist and men.
Health Institutions – ensure that individuals have access to health
services to promote universal public health.
 RELIGION
- These are institutions that involves a set of beliefs and practices of
a particular social group.
- Religions may be organized into a group that has universal
membership called CHURCH.
- It could also be organized into an exclusive group called SECT
Two classifications:
1. Monotheistic – religion that believes in one god (Ex.Christianity,
Judaism, and Islam)
2. Polytheistic – religion that believes in many god (Ex. Hinduism)
 RELIGION
ANIMISM – is not considered a religion but rather a belief system
that holds that both animate and inanimate things have spiritual
essence.

THEOCRACIES – states with governments that are under the

power of religious leaders.
 Political Institutions
1. Politics – refers to activities through which people make,
preserve, and amend the general rules under which
they live.

2. Power – refers to the ability to do something in order to

achieve a desired outcome.

3. Authority – is legitimate power. It means the person who

exercise power is obeyed by the people because he
or she is recognized as the rightful or legitimate ruler
or leader.
Several trends pertaining to the development of political structures
and institutions throughout the centuries.

1. Increased population density

2.Large surplus of resources and wealth
3. Greater social inequality
4.Less reliance on kinship relations as basis for political
structures
5.Increased internal and external conflict
6.Increased power and responsibility of leaders
7. Increased burden on the population to support political
leaders.
 Legitimacy
Legitimacy – from the Latin word legitimare which means “to
declare lawful” and broadly defined as “rightfulness”.
Types of Authority
1. Traditional Authority – Authority is based on system that is
believed to have “always existed”. The authority might have
been inherited or passed on to successors.
2. Charismatic Authority – based on the presumed special and
extraordinary characteristics or qualities possessed by a
certain individual. Often seen as “born leaders” and “heroes”.
3. Legal-rational Authority – authority is attained through
elections or appointments. Based on defined set of written
rules and laws
 Political Organizations and Leadership Structures

• Political Organizations – the groups within a culture that are

responsible for public decision making and leadership,
maintaining social cohesion and order, protecting group rights,
and ensuring safety from external conflicts.

• Political Dynasties – succession of rulers from the same line of

descent.

• Political Clientelism – giving material goods in return for electoral

support (Susan Strokes)
 Political Organizations and Leadership Structures

• Nation – consist of distinct population of people bound together by a

common culture, history, and tradition who are typically
concentrated within a specific geographic region.

• State – is a political unit that sovereignty over an area of territory

and the people within it.