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Geometric Design
Gradient
Any departure of track from the level is known as
grade or gradient. Purpose of providing
gradient:
• To provide uniform rate of rise or fall,
• To reduce cost of earth work.
• To reach different stations at different level
Types of gradient:-
• Ruling gradient: The steepest gradient allowed on the track section. It
determines the max load that the locomotive can haul that section. The steep
gradient needs more powerful locomotives, smaller train loads, lower speed,
resulting in costly hauling.
– In plains: 1 in 150 to 1 in 200
– In hilly regions: 1 in 100 to 1 in 150
• Momentum Gradient: The gradient on a section which are steeper than the
ruling gradient acquire sufficient momentum to negotiate them are known as
momentum gradient.
• Pusher gradient: As stated above a ruling gradient limits the maximum weight
of a train which can be hauled over the section by a locomotive. If the ruling
gradient is so severe on a section that it needs the help of extra engine to pull
the same load than this gradient is known as pusher of helper gradient. In
Darjeeling Railways 1 in 37 pusher gradient is used on Western Ghat BG Track.
• Gradient at stations: at stations gradient are provided sufficient low due to
following reason:
– To prevent movement of standing vehicle
– To prevent additional resistance due to grade.
On Indian railways, maximum gradient permitted is 1 in 400 in station yards.
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Degree of curve:-
• A curve is defined by its degree or radius. The
degree of a curve is the angle subtended at the
center by a chord of 100 feet or 30.48m.
• R is the radius of curve;
• Circumference of the curve= 2 ∏ R
• Angle subtended at the center by the circle = 360
degree
• Angle subtended by the arc of 30.48m =
360 1747.26 1750
X 30.48
2 R R R
• Thus, a 1 degree curve has a radius of 1750 m. 6
Grade compensation on curves:-
• If a curve is provided on a track with ruling
gradient, the resistance of the track will be
increased this curve. In order to avoid resistance
beyond the allowable limits, the gradients are
reduced on curves. The reduction in gradient is
known as grade compensation for curves.
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Superelevation:-
2
GV
e
127 R
• Where, e is super elevation in mm; G is the gauge in mm + width
of the rail head in mm; V speed of the train in kmph; R radius of
the curve in m.
– For BG track: G = 1676 mm+ 74 mm=1.75 m
– For MG track: G = 1.058 m
– For NG track: G= 0.772 m
G for: BG track-1.676+0.074=1.750 m
MG :1.058m
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NG: 0.772m
Maximum value of superlevation:-
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Maximum degree of Curve:-
BG 10 175 8 218
MG 16 109 15 116
NG 40 44 17 103
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Safe speed on curves:-
V 0.8 * 4.4 R 70
b) For High speed track:
V 4.58 R
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R is t h e r a d i u s i n m , V is speed i n K m p h :
Maximum permissible speed on curves:-
V 4.4 R 70
• On high speed track
V 4.58 R
• For non-transition curve (80% of the speed on the transition curve):
V 0.8 * 4.4 R 70
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Maximum permissible speed……
c) Maximum speed of section taking into account the super elevation and cant
deficiency cant deficiency: (use of rational formula)
– BG Track:
V 0.27 (Ca Cd ) R
MG Track:
V 0.347 (Ca Cd ) R
NG track:
V 3.65 R6
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Numerical Examples:-
17
Numerical Examples:-
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Transition Curves:-
Objectives of providing transition curves:
– To attain gradual rise of the outer rail;
– To decrease the radius of the curve gradually from
infinite at the straight end of the rack to that of the
circular curve at the junction with the circular curve
of the selected radius.
– To provide smooth running of vehicles and provide
comfort to the passengers
– To reduce chance of derailment.
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Types of Transition Curve:-
• The distance along the center line of the track between the
starting point on the straight portion of the track and the
meeting point on the junction with the circular curve is
called the transition curve length.
• For Indian railways it can be calculated with the help of
following equation and the greatest of all should be
adopted.
– Based on the arbitrary gradient (1 in 720): L = 7.2 x e
– Based on the rate of change of cant deficiency: L = 0.073D x Vmax
– Based on the change of superelevation: L = 0.073 x e x Vmax
• L is the length of transition curve in m; e is the actual cant
in cm; D is the cant deficiency in cm; V is the maximum
speed in kmph.
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Length of transition curve:-
• Length of the transition curve should be taken as
the maximum value given by the following
formula:
– Railway code: L = 4.4 √R; where R is the radius of
the curve (L and R in meter)
– At the rate of change of superelevation of 1 in 360;
i.e, 1 cm for every 3.6 m length of track.
• Based on the rate of change of radial acceleration:
0.066 V 2
L
R
• Based on the maximum permissible speed:
CaVm
L 27
134
Numerical example:-
Find out the length of transition curve for a four
degree BG circular curved track having a cant of
15 cm. the maximum permissible speed on the
curve is 90 kmph. Find out the shift and offset at
every 15 m interval of the curve. Draw the
transition curve also. Assume maximum
permissible cant deficiency is 75 mm.
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• Solution hints:
– Length of transition curve:
– L = 7.2 x e
=7.2 x 15 = 108 m
– L= 0.073D x Vmax.
=0.073 x 7.5 x 90 = 49.28
– L = 0.073 x e Vmax
= 0.073 x 15 x 90 = 98.55
Hence the length of Curve will be the greatest of three values i.e 108
m. 29