Indeterminate Forms

 The expressions of the form

0 
, ,   ,0  ,  0 ,00 ,1
0  which all are
undefined and are called Indeterminate forms.
L’ Hospital’s Rule for 0/0 form
 If f and g are differentiable in some nbd. N of
the points a , expect perhaps at a and
 (i) Lt
x a
f(x)=0= Lt g(x)
x a
 (ii) g ( x)  0 in some deleted nbd. N of a
'

(iii) Lt ' ( x) exists , whether finite or infinite

'
 f
g ( x)
then xa
'
f ( x) f ( x)
Lt  Lt '
x a g ( x) x a g ( x)
Genralisation of L’ Hospital’s Rule
 If f and g are differentiable upto order n in a
deleted nbd. N of a such that

(i ) g k ( x)  0,0  k  n, k  N ( where, g 0 ( x)  g ( x))

(ii ) Lt f k ( x)  0  Lt g k ( x) : 0  k  n  1
xa xa

f n ( x)
(iii ) Lt n
exist , whether finite or infinite ,then
xa g ( x)
f ( x) f n ( x)
Lt  n
xa g ( x) g ( x)
Examples
1  cos 2 ( x )
1.Evalute Lt 2
x 0 sin x
1
2. Lt x sin
x  x
2 1
sin x cos
3. Lt x
x 0 x
 
Indeterminate form
 Evaluate x2  2x  



Lt
x  5  3 x
2

form

2x  2   
 Lt  form 
x   6x   
2 1
 Lt 
x   6 3


log(   )
 Evaluate Lt 2
x
 tan 
2
Indeterminate form 0. &   
 Evaluate Lt x 2 log x 2 (0.form)
x 0

log x 2   
 Lt  form 
x 0 1/ x2   
1 2 2 x 
 x
Lt
x 0 2 3
x
 Lt ( x 2 )  0
x 0

 Evaluate  1 
 cot x  2 
2
Lt
x 0  x 
Indeterminate form 0 
& 1 &  0

 Evaluate Lt xx
x 0 
 let y  x x
 log y  log x x
 Lt log y  Lt x log x0.form 
 
x 0 x 0

log x    1/ x
 Lt Ltlog y   form  Lt
x 0  x 0 
1   x 0  1/ x2
x
 Lt log y  Lt (  x )  0
x 0  x 0 

 Lt y  e0
x 0 

 y 1
 Lt xx  1
x 0 