Radiation

Exchange
Between • View Factor
• View Factor Relation
Surfaces • Radiation Heat Transfer:
Blackbody
• Radiation Heat Transfer:
Diffuse, Grey Surfaces
• Radiation Shields
• Re-Radiating Surfaces
View Factor
• Also known as the radiation shape factor,
geometrical factor, Configuration factor

The fraction of the radiative energy that is

diffused from one surface element and strikes
the other surface directly with no intervening
reflections

Fij = the fraction of the radiation leaving

surface i that strikes surface j directly
Radiation heat exchange
between surfaces depends on
the orientation of the surfaces
relative to each other, and this
dependence on orientation is
accounted for by the view
factor.
View Factor
• The rate at which radiation leaves dA1 in
the direction of Ɵ1 is I1 cos Ɵ1dA1.
• Noting that dω21 = dA2 cos Ɵ2/r2, the
portion of this radiation that strikes dA2
View Factor

Therefore, the view factor Fd A1→A2 is

determined by integrating Fd A1→A2 over A2,
Combining Eqs. 12–8 and 12–9 after multiplying the former by
A1 and the latter by A2 gives

Reciprocity Relation
⸫ This indicates the net radiant interchange may be
evaluated by computing one way configuration factor from
one surface to the other
 View Factor Relations

Next slides intended for Fig 12-1, 12-2,12-3 12-5, 12-6,

12-7, 12-8
 The Summation
Rule
The sum of the view factors from surface i of an
The Superposition enclosure to all surfaces of the enclosure, including
to itself, must equal unity.
Rule
The view factor from a surface i to a
surface j is equal to the sum of the view
factors from surface i to the parts of
surface j.
The Symmetry Rule
It is when two (or more) surfaces that
possess symmetry about a third surface
will have identical view factors from that
surface
View Factors between Infinitely
Long Surfaces: The Crossed-
String Method
• Two-dimensional Geometries
• Modeled as Infinitely Long
Radiation Heat Transfer: Black
Surfaces
Parameters:
• Between Black Surfaces ONLY
• Must not be used for surfaces having emissivities
very different from unity
 Practice Problem 1
Practice Problem #1
8.4 ( Kumar)

Establish a relation for the shape

factor of a cavity with respect to
itself. The cavity is closed on its
outer surface with a flat surface
Radiation Heat Transfer: Diffuse, Gray Surfaces
Parameters:
• Isothermal
• Uniform incoming and outgoing radiation over
each surface
• The Surfaces are separated by a non-absorbing
medium such as air
Radiosity The total radiation energy leaving a
surface per unit time and per unit area

⸫The radiosity of a blackbody is equal to its emissive power

Irradiation (G) – Denotes the total energy incident upon a surface per unit
time per unit area
 Net Radiation Heat Transfer to or from a
Surface

Surface Resistance to Radiation

 Net Radiation Heat Transfer
between Any Two Surfaces
-28
 Potential
Difference

Space Resistance to Radiation

Methods of Solving Radiation
Problems
Radiation Heat Transfer in
Two-Surface Enclosures

The electric current flowing through these resistances

connected in series would be determined by dividing the
potential difference between points A and B by the total
resistance between the same two points.
Based on Heat and Mass Transfer by Kumar
Radiation Heat Transfer in Three-Surface
Enclosures
We now consider an enclosure
consisting of three opaque, diffuse,
gray surfaces,
 Radiation Shields
• When it is desired to reduce the overall heat
transfer between two radiating surfaces
• Thin-opaque partitions arranged in the direction
perpendicular to the propagation of radiated heat
• Low absorptivity, high reflectivity
 ⸫

The radiation heat transfer through large parallel plates separated by N radiation
shields

⸫
 Radiant Energy Transfer

1 1
𝑊𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑆ℎ𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 + −1
𝜖1 𝜖2
= 1 1 1 1
𝑊𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑆ℎ𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 + −1 +( + −1)
𝜖1 𝜖12 𝜖12 𝜖2

The corresponding temperature of the Shield:

4 1 4 4
𝑇12 = (𝑇1 + 𝑇12 )
2
Radiation Effect on Temperature Measurements

⸫
 Reradiation Surfaces
Some surfaces encountered in numerous practical heat transfer applications are modeled as
being adiabatic since their back sides are well insulated and the net heat transfer through
them is zero. When the convection effects on the front (heat transfer) side of such a surface
is negligible and steady-state conditions are reached, the surface must lose as much
radiation energy as it gains, and thus Qi = 0. In such cases, the surface is said to reradiate all
the radiation energy it receives

⸫ temperature of a reradiating surface is ⸫ Such surfaces interact radiately with other

independent of its emissivity. surfaces of an enclosure
⸫ Resistance is disregarded ⸫ Absorbing and reflecting incident radiation and
subsequently remitting all absorbed energy
Heat Exchange Between Two
Black Surfaces Enclosed by an
Insulated (Adiabatic) Surface
⸫ The net radiative heat transfer:
 Heat
Exchange
Between Two
Gray Surfaces
Enclosed by
an Insulated
(Adiabatic)
Surface
 Invoking Reciprocity Theorem:

Net Radiative Heat Transfer Q12 where: A1 = A2 = A

Radiation Heat Exchange for Three (3) Gray
Surfaces
 Problems:

Two black Discs each of diameter 50 cm are placed parallel to each

other concentrically at a distance of one meter. The discs are
maintained at 1000K and 500K respectively. Calculate the heat flow
between the discs when the discs are connected by a cylindrical
black no-flux surface
RADIATION EXCHANGE WITH EMITTING
AND ABSORBING GASES
Radiation heat transfer between surfaces separated by a
medium that does not emit, absorb, or scatter radiation—a
nonparticipating medium that is completely transparent to
thermal radiation.
Radiation Properties of a Participating
Medium
The spectral transmissivity of a medium can be defined as the
ratio of the intensity of radiation leaving the medium to that
entering the medium
Emissivity and Absorptivity of Gases and Gas Mixtures
The spectral absorptivity of CO2 is given as a function of wavelength. The various peaks and
dips in the figure together with discontinuities show clearly the band nature of absorption
and the strong nongray characteristics.
The emissivity of a gas also depends on the mean length an emitted radiation beam travels in the gas
before reaching a bounding surface, and thus the shape and the size of the gas body involved.
Problems: