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CHOICE OF SOLVENT
Choosing the best solvent is the most critical aspect of developing a
liquid-liquid extraction process. The solvent should have a high
selectivity for the extracted solute. The selectivity of a solvent is similar
to relative volatility and is given by
x1S / x2S
R R
x1 / x2
If the solvent is essentially pure, as is often the case, x3So = 1, x1So = 0, x2So = 0
(4)
(5)
Now we define the parameter
(6)
Where the point M must lie on the straight line joining F and So. It also
must lie on a straight line joining S1 and R1
(9)
Since the two liquid phases leaving the system
are in phase equilibrium, the points R1 and S1
must be connected by an LLE tie-line.
Fz1 S 0 x1S0
x M
1
M
Fz3 S 0 x3S0
x M
3
M
The LLE conjugate line is used to determine the other end of the LLE
tie-line on the solvent phase solubility curve. If the tie-line goes through
the point M, the compositions of the water solvent phase and organic
raffinate phase have been found. We have:
The process can be described the same as for a single stage .it is simply
repeated again for each stage, using the raffinate phase from the
upstream stage as the feed to each stage.
We next define a pseudo flow rate M and pseudo compositions x1M and x3M :
M F S0 (13)
Note: in any real system we cannot recover all of the solute from the feed
Since the points RN and M are known, a straight line can be drawn
to the solubility curve to determine the composition of the x1S1 and
x3S1 of the S1 stream.
Equations (10) and (11) can be used to solve for the flow rates RN
and S1.
F S 2 R1 S1 (16)
z1 F x1S2 S 2 x1R1 R1 x1S1 S1 (17)
z 3 F x3S 2 S 2 x3R1 R1 x3S1 S1 (18)
Once S2 is known, R2 can be found at the other end of the LLE tie-line.
This computational procedure can be repeated from stage to stage until enough
stages have been used to produce a process stream that meets or exceeds the
specifications on RN (the final raffinate phase leaving the unit).
RN S 0 (19)
RN S 0 F S1 (22)
Therefore, the Δ point must lie on two straight lines, one through the
points RN and S0 and the other through the points F and S1.
The mass balances for the first stage (equations (16) through (18), the
definition of Δ (equations (19) through (21), and equation(22) can be
combined to give
RN S 0 F S1 R1 S 2 (23)
The two streams R1 and S2 that pass each other between the first and
second stages are related to each other by the Δ point. Hence, if we
know R1 we can determine S2 by using the straight line that connects
R1 and Δ.