INTRODUCTION TO THE CELL

Dr. rer. nat. Kartika Senjarini

BIOLOGI FMIPA – UNIVERSITAS JEMBER

Kartika Senjarini – Cell Biology I

THE UNIVERSAL FEATURES
OF CELLS ON EARTH

Kartika Senjarini – Cell Biology I

NOT LIFE

VS

LIFE
CELLS: FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE

CENTRAL FOR
CELL BIOLOGY:
THE STUDY OF
STRUCTURE,
FUNCTION &
BEHAVIOUR OF
CELL

DESPITE THE
VARIETY IN
INDIVIDUAL
PARTICULAR,
THEY HAVE
CONSTANCY IN
FUNDAMENTAL
MECHANISM

Kartika Senjarini – Cell Biology I

 CELLS: FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE

SINGLE CELL IS THE VEHICLE FOR ALL HEREDITARY INFORMATION THAT

DEFINE EACH SPECIES

Kartika Senjarini – Cell Biology I

 All cells store their hereditary information in
the same linear chemical code: DNA

DNA BUILDING BLOCK

Consequently, we can take a piece of DNA from a human cell and insert it into
a bacterium or vice versa and the information will be successfully read
Kartika Senjarini – Cell Biology I
Integral protein in the Cell Membrane as “Transporter “

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THE DIVERSITY OF GENOMES &
THE TREE OF LIFE
 Prokaryotes VS Eukaryotes Organisms (Cells)

Based on cell structure, living organisms can

be classified into Eukaryotes & Prokaryotes
The eukaryotes keep their DNA in a distinct
membrane enclosed compartment called
nucleus & prokaryotes have no distinct
nuclear compartment

Kartika Senjarini – Cell Biology I

The greatest biochemical diversity exists among
prokaryotic cells

Kartika Senjarini – Cell Biology I

The greatest biochemical diversity exists among
prokaryotic cells

Kartika Senjarini – Cell Biology I

 The Tree of Life has Three Primary Branches:
Bacteria, Archaea & Eukayotes

Basic clasification based on comparisons of morphological

characteristic….however…

EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY??

GENOM ANALYSIS

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 The Tree of Life has Three Primary Branches:
Bacteria, Archaea & Eukayotes

diverged early in the history of earth

The Archaea, in outward appearance, they are not easily distinguished from bacteria,
but in molecular level seem to resemble eukaryotes in term of replication, transcription &
translation. However in their apparatus for metabolism & energy conversion, they are
more closely to bacteria

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Theory of Eukaryotes Origin

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 Genetic information in Eukaryotes

Eukaryotic cells may have originated as predators, and the present modern eukaryotic
cells evolved from symbiosis into:
1. Animal cells 2. plant cells 3. Fungi

EUKARYOTES HAVE HYBRID GENOME

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Pendahuluan: Sel Prokariotik

 Prokariotik sel, organisasi internal yang

minimal
Pendahuluan: Sel Prokariotik

 Karakteristik sel prokariotik dibandingkan

dengan eukariotik
1. tidak memiliki organela bermembran, o.k.
tidak ada Sistem Membran
2. material genetiknya tidak terbungkus oleh
membran inti
3. DNAnya tidak ter”packing” oleh histon
4. No mitosis dan meiosis dalam reproduksi
seksualnya
Pendahuluan: Sel Eukariotik

 Eukariotik sel: organisasi internal yang

kompleks
Pendahuluan: Sel Eukariotik

 Eukariotik sel memiliki semua karakteristik

yang tidak ada pada prokariotik sel
exp: Adanya Sistem Membran berupa
organela: memungkinkan adanya spesialisasi
fungsi dalam melangsungkan kehidupan sel
dan koordinasi
 Question: Bagaimana dengan sel prokariotik
dalam melangsungkan kehidupan tanpa
organela?
MEMBRAN PLASMA & SISTEM MEMBRAN

 “INTRACELLULAR COMPARTMENTALIZATION”
: pembagian ruangan di dalam sel menjadi
berbagai kompartemen yang berbeda dan
terisolasi dari bagian sel lainnya oleh
setidaknya membran permeabel berlapis
tunggal. Kompartemen tersebut membentuk
organel-organel yaitu retikulum endoplasma,
aparatus golgi, endosome, lysosome,
peroksisom, mitokondria, dan nukleus.
MEMBRAN PLASMA & SISTEM MEMBRAN

 STRUKTUR MEMBRAN: tersusun atas molekul

lipid dan protein melalui ikatan non-kovalen.
Lipid : lipid bilayer, impermeabel barrier
1. kepala (polar) :hidrofilik
2. ekor (non polar) : hidrofobik
Protein: tertanam didalam lapisan lipid, memegang
peranan yang sangat penting pada fungsi spesifik
membran, misalnya: transporter, reseptor, enzym
dsb
MEMBRAN PLASMA & SISTEM MEMBRAN
MEMBRAN PLASMA: Lipid Membran
MEMBRAN PLASMA: Protein Membran

 Extrinsic/Peripheral, terikat ke “lipid

hydrophilic head” and/or protein intrinsic,
contoh: cytochrome c (inner memb. Mito), -
lactalbumin (plasma membr. Mammary gland
cells)
 Intrinsic/Integral, terikat kuat ke lipid bilayer
oleh kekuatan ion dan hydrophobic,
cytochrome P450 (in RE), NAD-cytochrome b5
reductase (inner membr. Mito)
 Fungsi Biokimiawi Organel
Membran Plasma: Sisi Pengenalan, Sitosol: sintesis protein, glikolisis,
Protein Translokator, Reseptor, Coated glukoneogenesis, sistem pentosefosfat,
pits biosintesis asam lemak

RE: sintesis protein, fosfolipid, trigliserid, Apparatus Golgi: Pemrosesan dan

sterol, desaturasi enzim cytochrom b5, pensortiran protein untuk transport ke: 1.
Hidroksilasi rx-cytochrom P450, sintesis granula sekretori, 2. lisosom, 3. membran
elongasi asam lemak plasma

Mitokondria: sintesis ATP, rantai elektron Nukleus: sintesis & penyimpanan DNA,
transport, siklus TCA, sintesis protein polymerase untuk sintesis DNA & RNA
tertentu

Kloroplast: fotooksidasi, fotofosforilasi, Peroksisom (Tumb.): Enzim

sintesis ATP, fiksasi CO2, biosintesis asam fotorespirasi
lemak, sintesis protein tertentu
Glioksisom (Tumb.): Enzim u.
“Glyoxilate cycle”
Mikrobodi (peroksisom sel hewan): Lysosome: enzim2 hidrolytic
oksidasi purin, aminotransferase
Mitochondrial membrane
Mitochondrial membrane
Chloroplast membrane
Thank you!

Kartika Senjarini – Cell Biology I