COUNTRIES THAT HAVE

USED BIODIESEL AS FUEL

 UNITED STATE
Biodiesel in the United States has been supported by 26 states. In fact, four
states, namely Minnesota, Hawaii, Montana, and Oregon have applied E-10
energy (bioethanol). The raw material they use is corn.
Since 1979, the United States has applied tax incentives to biofuel users.
Currently increasing the use of biofuels for vehicles, and providing incentives at
gas stations.
 JAPAN

The Japanese government has taken serious attention in

the field of biodiesel. Japan standardized through the
application of E-10 with reference to standards in
European countries.
 BRAZIL

Brazil has developed bioethanol sourced from sugar cane by testing vehicles
since 1925, and has been developed for quite a long time with full support
from the government in the form of regulations and incentives, and currently
the development of biofuels in Brazil has used market mechanisms. Of the
entire sugarcane production, 50 percent is used for the bioethanol industry,
while the rest is for the sugar industry.
 SOUTH KOREAN

South Korea has been developing biodiesel since 2002 and it is

estimated that consumption will increase by 0.5 percent per year. In
promoting biodiesel, the Korean government in 2007 provided tax
exemptions. They use soybean raw materials (77.3 percent).
 INDIA

In India, a new minister of renewable energy has been formed. This is

a government agency in India tasked with developing new and
renewable energy in order to meet energy needs.
DIFFERENCES IN THE USE
OF PETROLEUM DIESEL
AND BIO-DIESEL
1. Diesel is a depleting, non–renewable source of energy whereas bio-diesel is
the exact opposite.
2. Diesel resulting from the cracking process of petroleum / crude oil, while is
bio-diesel known to be extracted from animal fats and plant oils.
3. Diesel is non-environment-friendly sources, while bio-diesel is very feasible with
no adverse effects on the environment.
4. The combustion of bio-diesel is 75% cleaner than petroleum diesel.
5. Bio-diesel produces lesser soot (particulate matter), carbon monoxide,
unburned hydrocarbons, and sulfur dioxide. Petroleum diesel is known for its
high-sulfur emissions, which are extremely harmful for the environment.
PRODUCTION OF
BIODIESEL
1. Feedstocks pre-treatment
General raw materials used in the production of biodiesel include yellow fat (recycled
vegetable oil), "virgin" vegetable oil, and fat. Recycled oil is processed to remove impurities
from cooking, storage and handling, such as dirt, charred food, and water. Virgin oil is
purified, but does not reach the food grade level. Degumming to remove phospholipids and
other plant ingredients is common, although the constriction process varies.
Regardless of the feedstock, water is removed as its presence during base-catalyzed
transesterification causes the triglycerides to hydrolyze, giving salts of the fatty acids (soaps)
instead of producing biodiesel.

2. Reactions
Base-catalyzed transesterification reacts lipids (fats and oils) with alcohol (typically
methanol or ethanol) to produce biodiesel and an impure coproduct, glycerol. If the
feedstock oil is used or has a high acid content, acid-catalyzed esterification can be
used to react fatty acids with alcohol to produce biodiesel. Other methods, such as
fixed-bed reactors,[4] supercritical reactors, and ultrasonic reactors, forgo or
decrease the use of chemical catalysts.
3. Product Purification
Products of the reaction include not only biodiesel, but also byproducts, soap, glycerol,
excess alcohol, and trace amounts of water. All of these byproducts must be removed to
meet the standards, but the order of removal is process-dependent.
The density of glycerol is greater than that of biodiesel, and this property difference is
exploited to separate the bulk of the co-glycerol product. Residual methanol is typically
recovered by distillation and reused. Soaps can be removed or converted into acids.
Residual water is also removed from the fuel.
SOURCES AND REFERENCES

https://www.viva.co.id/arsip/115381-perkembangan-biofuel-di-beberapa-
negara(Translated by Google)
https://www.bjultrasonic.com/what-is-the-difference-between-diesel-and-
biodiesel/
https://helpsavenature.com/biodiesel-vs-diesel
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel_production