Chapter III

LEARNING FROM
OTHERS AND
REVIEWING THE
LITERATURE
Lesson 1 Criteria in
Selecting,Citing and
Synthesizing Related Literature
• Requires good organization
• Need efficient time management and note-
taking skills
• Be focused on assessing what is relevant
and not
• Take note of the details of the publication,
name of author,page no and the websites
• Use the abstract of researches on what to
look for
Some considerations:
1. Materials must be recent as possible.
2. Materials must be as objective and
unbiased as possible
3. Must be relevant to the study; must have
similarities and bearing in the problem
4. Must be based upon genuinely original
and true facts or data to make them valid
and reliable
5. Must not be too few or too many; its not
how thick the pages but rather on how
relevant the info are
Note-Taking
• Must avoid plagiarism
• Use note card ( index card) to facilitate
sorting of notes collected containing the ff:
• Topic
• Text
• Author/s
• Title of the book
• Publications
• Page/s
 Guidelines in Writing the Review
1. The text should be brief and to the point.Avoid
using flowery words;paraphrase and
summarize salient feautures; avoid direct
quotation
2. Make aplan on how you will present the
review; make an outline to ensure unity and
coherence
3. Emphasize relatedness to the problem on
hand; try to point out also the difference
4. Review diligently. Do not just copy but rather
critically and honestly analyze the lit
 Ways of Citing
1. By author or writer- the ideas,facts or
principles are explained or discussed
separately
2. By topic-if different authors or writers have
different opinions about the same topic,the
topics are discussed under the names of
author or writers
3. Chronological- according to the time they
were written; materials written earlier should
be cited first
• Can also be related literature pertaining to
a. Independent variable
b. Dependent variable
c. Both
d. summary
 The American Psychological
Association (APA) Style
• Indicate the author’s name,copyright year and page
number
• Copyright can be written after the author’s name in
parentheses or at the end of the quotation in
parenthess also
• Page no is indicated only when using direct quotation
or statistics, otherwise use the author’s surname and
copyright year
• When there are two or more authors;use &not and; if
more than 6 authors,use the name of the first followed
by et al
Examples:
Calubaquib ( 2015) concluded in his study
that “not all bacteria can be inhibited by
the mucus of P. conaliculata” (p30)
“Not all bacteria can be inhibited by the
mucus of Pomacea canaliculata”
(Calubaquib,2015 p 30)
Calubaquib et al (2015) concluded in their
study that “not all bacteria can be inhibited
by the mucus of Pomacea canaliculata”
(pp 30)
• Readings from the internet that has no
author,use the first word or the main
topic(one to two words only)
• Instead of page no use paragraph no and
write it “ para 3” referring to paragraph 3
• Ex. Microorganisms occur nearly
everywhere in nature affecting all kinds of
living things (“Microorganisms”, para 2)
• Ex 85--88
 Exercises
1. Author: Jose F. Calderon
Publication date: 1993
Quote: “Research is key to progress. There can
be no progress in almost if not all human
endeavors.”
Page number: 138
2. Author: Randy Sonoma and George Bush
Publication date: 2011
Quote: “The incidence of high suicide rates is
partly due to a lack of sufficient intervention
programs.”
Page number 138
3. Author:Kylie Harris
Email
Date July 3, 2011
Quote: “ I found it much easier to lose
weight as a teenager than I do now that I
am in my 30’s”
Paragraph: 3
The Literature review is important
because:
a. Describes how the proposed research is
related to prior research in statistics
b. Shows the originality and relevance of
research problem
c. Justifies the proposed methodology
d. Demonstrates the preparedness to
complete the research
 Functions of Literature Review
• Demonstrates to a research committee
that the student has read a large amount
of statistical literature to prove that the
student is aware of the wide range of
research in theory and methodology
• Provides proof that the student has a deep
understanding of published researches
• Can convince that the student can
communicate the understanding of the
statistcal literature and its relationship to
the proposed research
• Should support the originality and
relevance of the research problem
• With a good review, it can convince that
the research is original
Sources of Research Materials
Libraries
Journals
internet
Thesis,disertations
 Ethical Standards in Writing Related
Literature
a. Fabrication is making-up data or results and
recording or reporting them
b. Falsification is manipulating research
materials,equipment, or processes or
changing or omitting data or results such that
the research is not accurately represented in
the research record
c. Plagiarism is the appropriation of another
person’s ideas,processes,results or words
without giving appropriate credit; don’t cut and
paste
Ex 102-104