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By
S.Sadhish Prabhu
INTRODUCTION
• Cost to build and launch a GEO satellite is
about 25,000 dollars per kg
• Weight is the most critical factor in any design
• Dimension of the satellite : dia must be less
than 3.5m
• Antennas are the limiting factor
Factors influencing system design
Weight of the satellite is driven by two factors
I. The number and the output power of he
transponder on the satellite (requires large
power from solar cells which in turn
increases the weight )
II. Weight of the station keeping fuel
Factors influencing system design
• The choice of frequency band
• Atmospheric propagation effects
• Multiple access techniques
Performance objective
• Bit error rate (BER) in a digital link Measured in
base band
• Signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) in an analog link channel
• C/N > 6 dB
Basic transmission theory
Objective : Calculation of the power received by
an earth station from satellite transmitter
Pt
F W/m2 Equ 4.1
4pR 2
Isotropic Radiator
Isotropic Source
Distance R
Pt Watts
Surface Area of sphere = 4pR2encloses Pt.
Pt W/m2
Power Flux Density: F
4pR 2
Antenna Gain
• We need directive antennas to get power to go in wanted direction.
• Defined as the ratio of power per unit solid angle radiated in a
direction to the average power radiated per unit solid angle
P ( )
G ( ) (Eqn 4.2)
P / 4p 0
Pt Gt
F W/m2
4pR 2
EIRP (Pt*Gt)
• An isotropic radiator is an antenna which radiates in all
directions equally
• Antenna gain is relative to this standard
• Antennas are fundamentally passive
– No additional power is generated
– Gain is realized by focusing power
– Similar to the difference between a lantern and a flashlight
• Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) is the amount of
power the transmitter would have to produce if it was
radiating to all directions equally
• Note that EIRP may vary as a function of direction because of
changes in the antenna gain vs. angle
EIRP
Isotropic Source
Incident flux
disunity, F
Receiver
Received power Pt
Pt Watts
Receiving antenna area , A gain Gt
R
For an ideal receiving antenna with an aperture area of Am2,
Pr= FA
EIRP
• A antenna with physical aperture area of Arm2
will not deliver the power
• Thus the efficiency is reduced
• It is descried by using effective aperture Ae
Ae = ηAr (4.5)
Where
η – aperture efficiency of the antenna
Thus tPGAt e
(4.6)
Pr =
4pR
2
Fundamental of antenna theory
4pAe
Gr (4.7)
2
Sub Ae in (4.6)
2
Pr PtGtGr
4pR
This expression is called as the Friis
transmission equation
Contd..
In decibel term
Where,
EIRP = 10 log10 (PtGt)dBW
Gr = 10 log10 4pAe
( )dB
2