Bernoulli’s Equation

Corrections for effects

 Bernoulli’s Equation: Corrections
Corrections for effects of solid boundaries:
• Most fluid flows are influenced by solid
boundaries, so they contain boundary layers.
• Eg: flow of fluids through pipes & other
equipment.
 Bernoulli’s Equation: Corrections
Corrections for effects of solid boundaries:
• Two modifications are needed.
A correction of the kinetic energy term for the
variation of the local velocity ‘U’ with position
in boundary layer.
Correction of the equation for the existence of
fluid friction.
• Fluid friction appears whenever a boundary
layer forms.
 Bernoulli’s Equation: Corrections
Kinetic energy of the stream
• Term (U2/2) is the KE of a unit mass of fluid
(when U is not changing)
• When velocity varies across the stream cross-
section, KE will be found as following.
 Bernoulli’s Equation: Corrections
Kinetic energy of the stream
• Consider an element of cross sectional area ds
• Mass flow rate through ‘ds’ is “ρUds”
• KE of each unit mass flowing through area ‘ds’
is U2/2
• So, the energy flow rate through ‘ds’ is
 Bernoulli’s Equation: Corrections
Kinetic energy of the stream
• represents the time rate of flow of KE
• Total rate of flow of KE through the entire
cross section S is (assume ρ is constant)
 Bernoulli’s Equation: Corrections
Kinetic energy of the stream
• Total rate of mass flow is given by
 Bernoulli’s Equation: Corrections
Kinetic energy of the stream
• U2/2 in Bernoulli’s eq is replaced by KE per
unit mass of fluid flowing,
 Bernoulli’s Equation: Corrections
Kinetic energy correction factor
• Kinetic energy correction factor is denoted by
“α”
• It is given by
 Bernoulli’s Equation: Corrections
Correction for fluid friction
• Friction manifests itself by the disappearance
of mechanical energy.

• In frictional flow, is
not constant along a stream line.
• An amount of heat equivalent to the loss in
mechanical energy is generated.
 Bernoulli’s Equation: Corrections
Correction for fluid friction
• Fluid friction is defined as any conversion of
mechanical energy to heat in a flowing stream
• For incompressible fluids, the Bernoulli's eq is
corrected for friction by adding one more
term on the right hand side
 Bernoulli’s Equation: Corrections
Correction for fluid friction
• Units of hf are energy per unit mass
• The term hf represents all the friction
generated per unit mass of fluid that occurs in
the fluid between stations ‘a’ and ‘b’
 Bernoulli’s Equation: Corrections
Correction for fluid friction
• hf differs from all other terms in two ways
The mechanical terms represent conditions at
inlet and outlet stations ‘a’ and ‘b’, whereas hf
represents the loss of mechanical energy at all
points between stations ‘a’ and ‘b’
Friction is not interconvertible with the
mechanical energy quantities.
• hf is always positive and zero for potential
flow.
 Bernoulli’s Equation: Corrections
Friction
• Friction appears in boundary layers because
the work done by shear forces in maintaining
the velocity gradients in both laminar and
turbulent flow is converted to heat by viscous
action
 Bernoulli’s Equation: Corrections
Friction
• Friction generated in unseparated boundary
layers is called Skin friction
• When boundary layers separate and form
wakes, additional energy dissipation appears
within the wake.
• Friction of this type is called Form friction
• Total friction hf includes both frictions.
Pump work in Bernoulli’s equation
• A pump is used in a flow system to increase
the mechanical energy of the flowing fluid.
• This increase will be used to maintain flow,
provide KE, offset friction losses, and
sometimes increase the potential energy.
Pump work in Bernoulli’s equation
• Assume a pump is installed between stations a
and b
• Let Wp be the work done by the pump per unit
mass of fluid.
• As the Bernoulli’s eq is a balance of
mechanical energy only, account must be
taken of friction occurring within the pump.
Pump work in Bernoulli’s equation
• In an actual pump, mechanical friction also
occurs in bearings and seals or stuffing boxes
along with all other fluid frictions.
• Mechanical energy supplied to the pump as
negative shaft work must be discounted by
these friction looses to give net ME available
to the fluid.
Pump work in Bernoulli’s equation
• Let hfp be the total friction in the pump per
unit mass of fluid.
• Net work of the fluid is Wp – hfp
• In practice, hfp is replaced by ‘η’(pump
efficiency)
Pump work in Bernoulli’s equation
• ME delivered to the fluid is then “ηWp”
• η<1
• Corrected eq for pump work