TRAINING MANUAL ON MOTORS AND DRIVES

FACILITATED BY IWEGBUNA ELOCHUKWU FOR

MAINTENANCE STAFF IN CUTIX PLC, NNEWI HEAD
OFFICE.
PREAMBLE:
The fast improvement in the technological status and healthy
being of our machines in Cutix plc, necessitated the need to
organize an in-house training for maintenance staff, on drives
and motors. The above-mentioned training will boost the
basic knowledge, operation of drives and motors. It will also
get the maintenance staff of Cutix plc acquainted with the
working principle of motors, drives and the possible solution
to problems emanated from those drives and motors.
For proper understanding, the study is divided into two main divisions:
(a) Electric motors and
(b) Drives
(i) Mechanical drives and
(ii) Electric drives

(a) ELECTRIC MOTORS

What is an electric motors? -
An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
Most electric motors operate through the interaction between the motor's magnetic field and electric
current in a wire winding to generate force in the form of rotation of a shaft. Electric motors can be
powered by direct current (DC) sources, such as from batteries, motor vehicles or rectifiers, or by
alternating current (AC) sources, such as a power grid, inverters or electrical generators. An electric
generator is mechanically identical to an electric motor, but operates in the reverse direction,
converting mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Types of electric motorsThe primary classification of motor or types of motor can be tabulated as
shown below,
Mode of operation of an electric motor
In simple words, we can say a device that produces rotational force is a
motor. The very basic principle of functioning of an electrical motor lies on
the fact that force is experienced in the direction perpendicular to the
magnetic field and the current, when field and current are made to interact
with each other. If a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic
field perpendicularly, then the conductor experiences a force in the
direction mutually perpendicular to both the direction of field and
the current carrying conductor. Electric motors produce linear or rotary
force (torque) intended to propel some external mechanism, such as a fan
or an elevator. An electric motor is generally designed for continuous
rotation, or for linear movement over a significant distance compared to its
size.
Sizing of an electric motors - The
sizing of electric motor is on its
capacity (hp/kw) and the
expected load is expected to
carry.
INSTALLATION OF AN ELECTRIC MOTORS
After you've verified that the supply voltage requirements are correct, you then
can make the motor terminal connections. Stator winding connections should be
made as shown on the nameplate connection diagram or in accordance with the
wiring diagram attached to the inside of the conduit box cover.
Terminal connection problems are usually caused by the conductor being a size
that is different from that of the motor lead. The motor leads, on the other hand,
are permitted a higher current-carrying capacity for a given AWG size than
equivalent conductors used in branch- or feeder-circuit wiring because they are
exposed to circulating air within the motor. When connecting motor leads to
conductors (wire-to-wire connections), use a split bolt or other type connector sized to
accommodate both wire sizes together. Then insulate the connector with a covering of
friction tape followed by a covering of masking tape.
PROTECTION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS

In Cutix plc, there are different major methods and

devices used in motor protection which are among the
outlined standards in the world, they are: - thermal
overload protection, phase failure, circuit breaker and
fuse protections.
Types of motor protection device
To ensure our induction motor, wiring and control panel in proper
condition when fault or problem happen, we should install a motor
protection device including:-
1) Overload protection
2) Short circuit protection
3) Over temperature protection
4) Under Voltage protection
5) Phase failure and reversal protection
INSPECTION AND COMMISSIONING
On successful installation of an electric motor, a general inspection of
is expected on the general assembly, terminal connections, earth fault
and freeness of the motors before the motor is powered. During
starting, use inch operation method or on-off method before
continuous running is engaged. On the running condition, use clamp
meter to check the current being drawn by the motor and compare it
with the motor rating. Also, feel the body of the motor for the working
temperature intermittently to ascertain, if the motor is over heating or
not. Once an abnormal effect is observed, stop and correct the
abnormally before embarking on the exercise. Once the procedure is
fulfilled, the machine should be put to use.
 SECTION B
DRIVES
1. What is a drive? Dictionary defined it as a cause to function by supplying
the force or power for or by controlling. It can also be said that is a device
used for speed control from speed generator.
2. Types of drives?
(a)Mechanical: Chains, Belts, gears, and sprockets etc.
Mechanical drive systems are widely used in mechatronic applications in order
to convert from rotational motion to translational motion and in order to
match speed and torque. It suffers from a number of disadvantages such as
wear, energy loss, noise and vibration as well taking up valuable space.
REASONS FOR USING MECHANICAL DRIVE SYSTEM
They are used for two reasons:
(1). Converting from rotational motion to translational motion (e.g. sheave and rope,
sprocket and chain).
(2). Matching the speed and torque between the motor (ie actuator) and the torque
between an inductor motor and the load.
Commonly used mechanical drive system:
1. Conveyor belts
2. Power screws
3. Pulley and belts
4. Sprocket and chain
5. Rack and pinion
6. Sheave and rope
7. gearbox
Disadvantages
1.they take up valuable space
2.they reduce system efficiency and cause energy
loss
3.they generate noise and vibration
4.they wear with usage
they require regular maintenance
(b)Electrical drives: Ac and Dc drives
ELECTRICAL DRIVES: It is defined as a form of machine
equipment designed to convert electrical energy into
mechanical energy and provide electrical control of the
processes. It is a system employed for motion control. A
drive operates and controls, torque, and direction of moving
objects. It can be of constant or variable type. The constant
speed drives are inefficient for variable speed operations; in
such cases variable speed drives are used to operate the
loads at any one of a wide range of speeds.
1. Mode of operation – The electrical drive affects /acts on the speed and the frequency of a given motor.

Modes of Operation: An electrical drive operates in three modes:

 Steady state
 Acceleration including Starting
 Deceleration including Stopping

We know that, according to the above expression the steady state operation takes place when motor
torque equals the load torque. The steady state operation for a given speed is realized by adjustment of
steady state motor speed torque curve such that the motor and load torque are equal at this speed.
Change in speed is achieved by varying the steady state motor speed torque curve so that motor torque
equals the load torque at the new desired speed. When the motor parameters are adjusted to provide
speed torque, drive runs at the desired speed. Speed is changed to when the motor parameters are
adjusted to provide speed torque. When load torque opposes motion, the motor works as a motor
operating in quadrant I or III depending on the direction of rotation. When the load is active it can reverse
its sign and act to assist the motion. Steady state operation for such a case can be obtained by adding a
mechanical brake which will produce a torque in a direction to oppose the motion. The steady state
operation is obtained at a speed for which braking torque equal the load torque. Drive operates in
quadrant II or IV depending upon the rotation.
1.Identification of drives? Whenever a drive is to be
selected, you ought to know what you need the drive
for, the type of motor is to drive, and the supply
available at the given time.
2.Sizing of drives - Drive sizing is majorly based on the
motor’s voltage and current. It helps to select an
optimal motor, drive and transformer. It can also be
used to compute network harmonics and to create
dimensioning documents. This is to ensure that the
VFD satisfies the maximum current requirements of
the motor at peak torque demand.
1.Identification of drives? Whenever a drive is to be selected,
you ought to know what you need the drive for, the type of
motor is to drive, and the supply available at the given time.
2.Sizing of drives - Drive sizing is majorly based on the
motor’s voltage and current. It helps to select an optimal
motor, drive and transformer. It can also be used to compute
network harmonics and to create dimensioning documents.
This is to ensure that the VFD satisfies the maximum
current requirements of the motor at peak torque
demand.
(a)Interpretation of drawings and symbols- There must be a proper
understanding of the circuit diagrams, and symbols related to the
drive-in question
(b)Sorting of the appropriate cable size- Corresponding cable is needed
for both the motor and the drive, to avoid voltage drop on the line.
Programming of drives- This stage involves modeling the drive software
to suit the desired operation. Most drives are usually preset with default
parameters for simple operation such as language setting but there are
parameters that must be configured prior to the operation of these
drives. In motor control, the motor parameters (current, voltage, and
frequency) must be provided prior to operation of drives while other
motor parameter are gotten by drive through Auto turning. Other
parameters to be configured is determined by the type of operation to
be performed and the type of feedback required
(a)is determined by the type of operation to be performed and
the type of feedback required. Configuration of drive
parameters is usually known as parameterization. Drive
parameterization differs from drive to drive and the type of
operation desired. Knowledge of the drive configuration is
detailed in drive manual and the manuals should be read and
understood prior to installation.
(b) Commissioning of drives- On successful completion of the
above procedures, the cable connections, cable terminal,
general alignment, firmness of the unit on the wall, and cross
checking of installation diagram for conformity; the drive
should be engaged to work.
QUESTIONS ?
THANKS FOR LISTENING