COMPANDING

 - is the process of compressing and then

expanding

 with companded system, the higher amplitude

analog signals are compressed - (amplified less
than the lower- amplitude signals) prior to
transmission and then expanded ( amplified more
than the lower amplitude signals in the
receiver).

1
 TYPES OF COMPANDING

 1. Analog Companding
 a.  - Law
 b. A - Law

 2. Digital Companding


2
PCM SYSTEM WITH ANALOG COMPANDING
µ-LAW COMPANDING

Vmax ln(1 + µ{Vin /Vmax})

Vout =
ln(1 + µ)

Where:
Vmax = maximum uncompressed analog input amplitude (volts)
Vin = amplitude of the input signal at particular instant of time (volts)
µ = parameter used to define the amount of compression(unitless)
Vout = compressed output amplitude (volts)

4
µ-LAW CHARACTERISTIC
A-LAW COMPANDING

 In Europe, the ITU-T has established A-law

companding to be used to approximate true logarithmic
companding

AVin /Vmax Vin 1

Vout = Vmax 0≤ ≤
1 + lnA Vmax A

1 + ln(AVin /Vmax) 1 Vin

Vout = Vmax ≤ ≤ 1
1 + lnA A Vmax

6
DIGITALLY COMPOUNDED PCM SYSTEM
µ-255 COMPRESSION CHARACTERISTIC

- µ-law companding is a system that divides the analog

signal range into fifteen segments each eventually
encoded into eight-bit digital value.
13 SEGMENT SCALE
µ-255 COMPRESSION CHARACTERISTIC
8-BIT COMPRESSED CODE FORMAT

11
µ-255 ENCODING TABLE

12
µ-255 DECODING TABLE

13
14
PROCESS OF DIGITAL COMPRESSION

 Digitally, the 12-bit values are encoded into 8-bit

compressed code as follows:

 1. Retain the sign bit as the first bit of the 8-bit code.
 2. Count the number of zeros until the occurrence of the first 1 bit.
Subtract the zero count from 7. This is the segment number.
 3. The first occurrence of 1 is assumed during the expanding
process, so it is set aside during compression.
 4. Copy the next four bits (ABCD) into the 8-bit compressed code.

15
EXAMPLE

 Code the 12-bit code 100001011010 into an 8-bit

compressed µ-law code.

16
EXAMPLE

 Determine the 12-bit linear code, the eight-bit compressed

code, the decoded 12-bit code, the quantization error, and
the compression error for a resolution of 0.01 V and analog
sample voltages of

 (a) + 0.053 V
 (b) -0.318 V
 (c) +10.234 V

17
PROCESS OF DIGITAL EXPANSION

Expanding back digitally, reverses the process:

 1. Retain the sign bit.

 2. Take the segment number, subtract from 7 and add
that many 0s.
 3. Make the next bit a 1.
 4. The next bits are ABCD values.
 5. Add a 1 and sufficient 0s to complete the 12-bit value.

18
WORK Examples

 For the following 12-bit linear PCM codes, determine the

eight-bit compressed code to which they would be
converted:

 a. 100011110010
 b. 000001000000
 c. 000111111000
 d. 111111110010
 e. 000000100000

19
WORK

 For the following 8-bit compressed codes,determine the

expanded 12-bit code.

 a. 11001010
 b. 00010010
 c. 10101010
 d. 01010101
 e. 11110000
 f. 11011011
20
WORK

 A 12-bit linear sign-magnitude PCM code is digitally

compressed into 8 bits. For a resolution of 0.016 V,
determine the following quantities for the indicated input
voltages:
 a. 12-bit linear PCM code
 b. eight-bit compressed code
 c. decoded 12-bit code
 d. decoded voltage

 For Vin = -6.592 V, +12.992 V, -3.36 V

 21
PCM problems

Determine the signal-to-quantization noise ratio in dB, if an audio

signal with a bandwidth of 3.2 kHz is converted to PCM signal by
sampling at 8 kilosamples/sec and with a data rate of 64 kbps.
Line Encoding