Chapter 2

Basic Laws
 Introduction
 Fundament laws that govern electric circuits:
 Ohm’s Law.

 Kirchoff’s Law.

 These laws form the foundation upon which electric

circuit analysis is built.

 Common techniques in circuit analysis and design:

 Combining resistors in series and parallel.

 Voltage and current divisions.

 Wye to delta and delta to wye transformations.

 These techniques are restricted to resistive circuits.

2/43
Ohm’s Law

3/43
 Ohm’s Law

 Relationship between current and voltage

within a circuit element.

 The voltage across an element is directly

proportional to the current flowing through it
v α i

 Thus::v=iR and R=v/i

 Where:
 R is called resistor.
 Has the ability to resist the flow of electric current.
 Measured in Ohms (Ω)

4/43
Ohm’s Law

*pay careful attention to current direction

v=iR

5/43
 Ohm’s Law
 Value of R :: varies from 0 to infinity

 Extreme values == 0 & infinity.

 Only linear resistors obey Ohm’s Law.

Short circuit Open Circuit

6/43
 Open and Short circuit

10/9/2019 7/40
 Resistor Type

Fixed resistors:
(a) Wire wound type,
(b) Carbon film type.
(Courtesy of Tech America.)

10/9/2019 8/40
 Cont…
 The composition resistors are used when large resistance is needed.
 The circuit symbol in Fig. 2.1(b) is for a fixed resistor.
 Variable resistors have adjustable resistance.
 The symbol for a variable resistor is shown in Fig. 2.4(a).
 A common variable resistor is known as a potentiometer or pot for short,

10/9/2019 9/40
 Cont…
 It should be pointed out that not all resistors obey Ohm’s law.
 A resistor that obeys Ohm’s law is known as a linear resistor.
 It has a constant resistance and thus its current-voltage characteristic is as
illustrated in Fig. 2.7(a): its i-v graph is a straight line passing through the
origin.
 A nonlinear resistor does not obey Ohm’s law.
 Its resistance varies with current and its i-v characteristic is typically shown
in Fig. 2.7(b).
 Examples of devices with nonlinear resistance are the light bulb and the
diode.
 Although all practical resistors may exhibit nonlinear behavior under
certain conditions, we will assume in this book that all elements actually
designated as resistors are linear

10/9/2019 10/40
The i-v characteristic of:
(a) a linear resistor,
(b) a nonlinear resistor.

10/9/2019 11/40
 Ohm’s Law

 Conductance (G)
 Unit mho or Siemens (S).

 Reciprocal of resistance R

G=1/R

 Has the ability to conduct electric current

12/43
 Ohm’s Law

 Power:

 P = iv  i ( i R ) = i2R watts
 (v/R) v = v2/R watts

 R and G are positive quantities, thus power

is always positive.

 R absorbs power from the circuit  Passive

element.

13/43
 Ohm’s Law

 Example 1:
 Determine voltage (v), conductance (G) and power
(p) from the figure below.

14/43
 Ohm’s Law

 Example 2:
 Calculate current i in figure below when the switch
is in position 1.
 Find the current when the switch is in position 2.

15/43
 Nodes, Branches & Loops

 Elements of electric circuits can be

interconnected in several way.

 Need to understand some basic concepts of

network topology.

 Branch: Represents a single element

(i.e. voltage, resistor & etc)

 Node: The meeting point between two

or more branches.

 Loop: Any closed path in a circuit.

16/43
 Nodes, Branches & Loops

 Example 3:
 Determine how many branches and nodes for the
following circuit.

17/43
 Nodes, Branches & Loops

 5 Branches  3 Nodes
 1 Voltage Source  a
 1 Current Source  b
 3 Resistors  c

18/43
 Nodes, Branches & Loops

 Example 4:
 Determine how many branches and nodes for the
following circuit.

19/43
Kirchoff’s Laws

20/43
 Kirchoff’s Laws

 Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL)

 The algebraic sum of current entering /

leaving a node (or closed boundary) is zero.

 Current enters = +ve

 Current leaves = -ve

 ∑ current entering = ∑ current leaving

21/43
 Kirchoff’s Laws

 Example 5:
 Given the following circuit, write the equation for
currents.

22/43
 Kirchoff’s Laws

 Example 6:
 Current in a closed boundary

23/43
 Kirchoff’s Laws

 Example 9:
 Use KCL to obtain currents i1, i2, and i3 in the
circuit.

24/43
 Kirchoff’s Laws

 Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

 Applied to a loop in a circuit.

 According to KVL The algebraic sum of voltage (rises

and drops) in a loop is zero.

+ v1 - +
+
vs - V2

- v3 + -

25/43
 Kirchoff’s Laws

 Example 10:
 Use KVL to obtain v1, v2 and v3.

26/43
 Kirchoff’s Laws

 Example 11:
 Use KVL to obtain v1, and v2.

27/43
 Kirchoff’s Laws
 Example 12:
 Calculate power dissipated in 5Ω resistor.

10

10/9/2019 DKS1113 Electric Circuits 28/43

 Series Resistors & Voltage Division

 Series resistors  same current flowing

through them.

 v1= iR1 & v2 = iR2

 KVL:
 v-v1-v2=0
 v= i(R1+R2)
 i = v/(R1+R2 ) =v/Req
 or v= i(R1+R2 ) =iReq
 iReq = R1+R2

10/9/2019 DKS1113 Electric Circuits 29/43

 Series Resistors & Voltage Division

 Voltage Division:

 Previously:
 v1 = iR1 & v2 = iR2
 i = v/(R1+R2 )

 Thus:
 v1=vR1/(R1+R2)
 v2=vR2/(R1+R2)

10/9/2019 DKS1113 Electric Circuits 30/43

 Parallel Resistors & Current Division

 Parallel resistors  Common voltage across it.

 v = i1R1 = i2R2
 i = i1+ i2
= v/R1+ v/R2
= v(1/R1+1/R2)
 =v/Req
 v =iReq
 1/Req = 1/R1+1/R2
 Req = R1R2 / (R1+R2 )

10/9/2019 DKS1113 Electric Circuits 31/43

 Parallel Resistors & Current Division

 Current Division:

 Previously:
 v = i1R1 = i2R2
 v=iReq = iR1R2 / (R1+R2 )
 and i1 = v /R1 & i2 =v/ R2

 Thus:
 i1= iR2/(R1+R2)
 i2= iR1/(R1+R2 )

10/9/2019 DKS1113 Electric Circuits 32/43

 Conductance (G)

 Series conductance:
 1/Geq = 1/G1 +1/G2+…

 Parallel conductance:
 Geq = G1 +G2+…

10/9/2019 DKS1113 Electric Circuits 33/43

 Voltage and Current Division
 Example 13:
 Calculate v1, i1, v2 and i2.

10/9/2019 DKS1113 Electric Circuits 34/43

 Voltage and Current Division
 Example 14:
 Determine i1 through i4.

10/9/2019 DKS1113 Electric Circuits 35/43

 Voltage and Current Division
 Example 15:
 Determine v and i.
 Answer v = 3v, I = 6 A.

10/9/2019 DKS1113 Electric Circuits 36/43

 Voltage and Current Division
 Example 16:
 Determine I1 and Vs if the current through 3Ω
resistor = 2A.

10/9/2019 DKS1113 Electric Circuits 37/43

 Voltage and Current Division
 Example 17:
 Determine Rab.

10/9/2019 DKS1113 Electric Circuits 38/43

 Voltage and Current Division
 Example 18:
 Determine vx and power absorbed by the 12Ω
resistor.
 Answer v = 2v, p = 1.92w.

10/9/2019 DKS1113 Electric Circuits 39/43

 Wye-Delta Transformations
 Given the circuit, how to combine R1 through R6?
 Resistors are neither in series nor parallel…

 Use wye-delta transformations

10/9/2019 DKS1113 Electric Circuits 40/43

 Wye-Delta Transformations

Y network T network

10/9/2019 DKS1113 Electric Circuits 41/43

 Wye-Delta Transformations

Δ network π network

10/9/2019 DKS1113 Electric Circuits 42/43

 Wye-Delta Transformations
 Delta (Δ) to wye (y) conversion.

10/9/2019 DKS1113 Electric Circuits 43/43

 Wye-Delta Transformations
 Thus Δ to y conversion ::

 R1 = RbRc/(Ra+Rb+Rc)

 R2 = RaRc/(Ra+Rb+Rc)

 R3 = RaRb/(Ra+Rb+Rc)

# Each resistors in y network is the

product of two adjacent
branches divide by the 3 Δ
resistors

10/9/2019 DKS1113 Electric Circuits 44/43

 Wye-Delta Transformations
 Y to Δ conversions:

 Ra = (R1R2 +R2 R3 +R1R3)/R1

 Rb = (R1R2 +R2 R3 +R1R3)/R2

 Rc= (R1R2 +R2 R3 +R1R3)/R3

10/9/2019 DKS1113 Electric Circuits 45/43

 Wye-Delta Transformations
 Example 19:
 Transform the circuit from Δ to y.
 Answer R1=18, R2=6, R3=3.

10/9/2019 DKS1113 Electric Circuits 46/43

 Wye-Delta Transformations
 Example 20:
 Determine Rab.
 Answer Rab=142.32.

10/9/2019 DKS1113 Electric Circuits 47/43

 Wye-Delta Transformations
 Example 21:
 Determine Io.

10/9/2019 DKS1113 Electric Circuits 48/43