Data and Computer

Communications

Module V – Multiplexing
 Multiplexing
 Multiplexing is nothing but sharing one medium or
bandwidth.
 multiple signals on 1 physical line.

 Multiplexing is the process in which multiple signal or Data

Streams, coming from different Sources, are combined and
Transmitted over a Single communication link.
 Multiplexing methods

 Multiplexing cab be categorised into the

following three types:
1. Frequency division multiplexing (FDM)
2. Time division multiplexing (TDM) : It is
also called synchronous Time division
multiplexing.
3. Statistical Time Division Multiplexing : It
is also called asynchronous Time division
Multiplexing.
 Frequency Division Multiplexing
(FDM)
 Basic approach is to divide the available
bandwidth of a single physical medium
into a number of smaller, independent
frequency channels.

 Itis most popular and is used extensively

in radio and TV transmission.
FDM multiplexing Process

 Using modulation techniques, independent signals are

transmitted into different frequency bands.
 If the channels are very close to one other, it
leads to inter-channel cross talk.

 Channels must be separated by strips of unused

bandwidth to prevent inter-channel cross talk.

 These unused channels between each successive

channel are known as guard bands
 Time-division multiplexing
(TDM)
 Instead of sharing a portion of the
bandwidth as in FDM, time is shared.
Each connection occupies a portion of
time in the link.
 In frequency division multiplexing, all
signals operate at the same time with
different frequencies, but in Time-division
multiplexing all signals operate with same
frequency(bandwidth) at different times.
 TDM


The composite signal has some dead space between the

successive sampled pulses, which is essential to prevent
interchannel cross talks
Time Division Multiplexing
Time Division Multiplexing
 We can divide TDM into two different
schemes:
Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing
and
Statistical Time Division Multiplexing

.
 Synchronous TDM
 In synchronous TDM , each input
connection has an allotment in the output
frame even if it is not sending the data
 Synchronous TDM
 Inorder to identify the beginning of each
frame, a synchronization pattern is added
at the beginning of every frame.
 sync pattern is added to ensure that the
receiver correctly reads the incoming bits
 Synchronous TDM:
Disadvantages of Synchronous TDM:

 Some of the slots go empty in certain

frames.

 The channel capacity cannot be fully

utilized.
Statistical (Asynchronous) Time-Division
Multiplexing

 In synchronous TDM, each input has a

reserved slot in the output frame.
 in Synch TDM many slots are wasted

 Butin Statistical TDM allocates time slots

dynamically based on demand to improve
bandwidth efficiency.
 statistical time-division
multiplexing

 Multiplexer scans input lines and collects

data until frame full.

 Only when an input line has a data to send

is given a slot in the output frame
Figure 6.26 TDM slot comparison

6.18
Synchronous versus
asynchoronous TDM
 In case of statistical TDM, we need to
include address of the receiver inside each
slot to show where it is to be delivered.
 No synchronization bit is used in statistical
TDM.
 TDM
System
Overview
Interleaving at the bit level
or in blocks of bytes
 TDM Link Control
 no headers and trailers
 data link control protocols not needed
 flow control
 data rate of multiplexed line is fixed
 if one channel receiver can not receive data, the
others must carry on
 corresponding source must be quenched
 leaving empty slots
 error control
 errors detected & handled on individual channel
 Framing
 no flag or SYNC chars bracketing TDM frames
 must still provide synchronizing mechanism
between src and dest clocks
 added digit framing
 one control bit added to each TDM frame
 identifiable bit pattern used on control channel
 eg. alternating 01010101…unlikely on a data channel
 compare incoming bit patterns on each channel with
known sync pattern
 Pulse Stuffing
 have problem of synchronizing data sources
 with clocks in different sources drifting
 also issue of data rates from different sources
not related by simple rational number
 Pulse Stuffing a common solution
 have outgoing data rate (excluding framing bits)
higher than sum of incoming rates
 stuff extra dummy bits or pulses into each incoming
signal until it matches local clock
 stuffed pulses inserted at fixed locations in frame and
removed at demultiplexer
 Statistical TDM
 in Synch TDM many slots are wasted
 Statistical TDM allocates time slots
dynamically based on demand
 multiplexer scans input lines and collects
data until frame full
 line data rate lower than aggregate input
line rates
 may have problems during peak periods
 must buffer inputs
Statistical TDM Frame Format