Ageing Profile and the Need For

LTC- Indonesia
Sri Moertiningsih Adioetomo
Professor in Economics of Population
Faculty Of Economics University of Indonesia

08/05/2013 SMAdioetomo/SEACmeeting 1
Trend in number of older persons 60+ years and
% share to total population, Indonesia 1971-
2035
45.0
Number of populatiojn (million) and % share

40.0
41.2

35.0

30.0
27.3
25.0
Total aged 60+
20.0
18.0 Percent share
15.0
14.4 13.9
11.3
10.0 10.1
5.3 8.0 7.2 7.6
5.0 5.4 6.3
4.5
0.0
1971 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

Source: Sri Mertiningsih Adioetomo calculated based on 2010 Population

Census
08/05/2013 SMAdioetomo/SEACmeeting 2
 Additional number of years for Indonesian
older persons until the end of live by sex
Female Census Male Census
1971 1971
20.0
Census Census
20.0
1980 1980
18.7
Census 16.7 Census
Life Expectancy, in years

Life Expectancy, in years

1990 15.0 1990
15.0 14.9 Intercensal 13.3 Intercensal
Survey 1995 Survey
11.5 Census 1995
10.0 10.3 Census
10.0 2000 2000
8.6 Intercensal 7.7
Intercensal
Survey 2005
6.2 5.7 Survey
Census 5.0 2005
5.0
4.4 2010 4.0
3.0 2.8
2.0 1.9
1.3 1.2
0.0 0.0

Source: Calculated by Sm Adioetomo based on population Census, 2010

08/05/2013 SMAdioetomo/SEACmeeting 3
 Perkawinan: Perempuan lansia umumnya tidak
menikah lagi
Percentage of Older Population by Marital Status and Sex
90.0 84.1
80.0
70.0
60.0 56.5
50.0
39.1 Males
40.0
30.0 Females
20.0 13.6
10.0 0.8 1.2 1.5 3.2
0.0
Single Married Divorced Widowed

Lebih separuh lansia perempuan menjanda (56.5%) Dengan siapa

mereka tinggal? Siapa yang menanggung kehidupan sehari-hari? Apakah
mereka sehat? Hampir semua laki-laki lansia berstatus menikah, ada yg
merawat mereka?
Sri Moertiningsih
27/08/2014 4
Adioetomo/PDRT_Bappenas UNFPA
 Makin tua makin banyak perempuan lansia yang
menjanda: dengan siapa mereka tinggal?

Laki-laki Perempuan
100.0 90.0 83.0
89.1
90.0 80.0
79.1
80.0 68.7
70.0
70.0 66.2
60.0
60.0 50.5
50.0 44.6
50.0
40.0 40.0
31.8
30.0 30.0 27.4
18.7
20.0 20.0
8.5 13.6
10.0
0.9 0.7 0.6 1.5 1.5 1.5 10.0 3.5 2.8 2.4
0.0 1.4 1.0 0.9
Single Married Divorced Widowed 0.0
Single Married Divorced Widowed
60 - 69 70 - 70 80 +
60 - 69 70 - 70 80 +
Sri Moertiningsih
27/08/2014 5
Adioetomo/PDRT_Bappenas UNFPA
 Lansia tinggal bersama siapa? Apakah ada yang
menemani sebagai potensial care givers?
50.0
45.0
43.7
39.7
40.0
35.0
33.7
30.0
23.7 21.8
25.0
18.8 18.2
20.0
14.0 16.1 18.1
15.0 12.6 13.9 11.5
10.0 7.7 6.6
5.0
0.0
Alone Couple Family Three Other
Generation
60 - 69 70 - 79 80 + Under One
Roof
Three generations under one roof yakni tinggal dalam satu rumah tangga,
apakah lansia sebagai kepala keluarga atau sebagai kakek nenek yang
tinggal bersama anak menantu (sebagai kepala keluarga) dan cucunya.
Makin tua makinSribanyak yang tinggal sendiri.
Moertiningsih
27/08/2014 6
Adioetomo/PDRT_Bappenas UNFPA
 Lansia Laki-laki umumnya tinggal bersama
pasangannya, keluarganya atau tiga generasi dalam
satu atap.
Males
60.0
50.0
34.8 37.8
40.0 33.8
28.3 29.3
30.0 21.8 27.7 19.2 16.6
20.0 10.4 13.2
7.5 11.0
10.0 3.1 5.4
0.0
Alone Couple Family Three Other
Generation
Under One Roof

60 - 69 70 - 70 80 +

Pasangan suami isteri lansia yang tinggal sendiri juga perlu

diperhatikan. Kalau keduanya disabled?
Sri Moertiningsih
27/08/2014 7
Adioetomo/PDRT_Bappenas UNFPA
 Satu dari lima lansia perempuan diatas 70 thn
tinggal sendiri. Pilihan atau keadaan?
Females
60.0
47.8
50.0 44.2
40.0 37.8
30.0 25.5
21.8
20.0 18.2 18.4 16.0 20.8
13.6
11.9 10.3
10.0 5.5
4.4 4.0
0.0
Alone Couple Family Three Generation Under Other
One Roof

60 - 69 70 - 70 80 +
Lansia perempuan tinggal sendiri? Tidak punya anak, ditinggal anaknya
atau tidak dipedulikan? Yang tinggal bersama anak dan cucunya, berarti
ada yang mrawatnya?
Sri Moertiningsih
27/08/2014 8
Adioetomo/PDRT_Bappenas UNFPA
 Jogyakarta mempunyai indeks penuaan tertinggi,
disusul dgn propinsi2 dgn TFR rendah. Indeks paling
rendah Papua, Papua Barat.
Indeks penuaan penduduk: jumlah lansia per 100
anak <15 tahun. Menurut propinsi.
70
59
60
50
40
38
30
20 17
20
10 6
0

Sri Moertiningsih
27/08/2014 9
Adioetomo/PDRT_Bappenas UNFPA
18/9/2014 SMAdioetomo/Renstra Kemensos 10
 Poverty rates of older persons aged 70 years+
are above the non-elderly poverty rates
25

20
Poverty rate (%)

15

10

60-69
5 70-79
80+
Non-elderly (0-59)
0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

• Poverty trend of older persons follows those of the younger cohorts

rates. Older Persons age 70+ are poorer
Source: DI and HelpAge International2012 from Susenas 2005-2011
08/05/2013 SMAdioetomo/SEACmeeting 11
 Self Reported Illness
Rheumatism, Hypertension are common, more
women suffer
Self reported illness, by age Self reported illness, by sex
Riskesdas 2007 Riskesdas 2007
40 40
36 35
34 35
35 32 30
30 30
24
25 23 23 25
20 18
20
20
60-69 Male
15
15 70-79 Female
9 10
10 7 80+ 6
5 5 6
6 5 5 3 3
5 5
5 3 3 3
0
0

Source: DI and HelpAge International, 2012, derived from Riskesdas 2007

08/05/2013 SMAdioetomo/SEACmeeting 12
 Percent of older people who cannot perform ADLs,
IFLS 2000 and 2007

Courtesy: HelpAge AsiaPacific- Demographic Institute-SM Adioetomo, 2012.

sri moertiningsih adioetomo/ageing 21st

31/10/2012 13
century
 Percentage of older persons who have difficulties in
seeing, even if wearing glasses, by age and sex, and by
degree of difficulties
Some difficulties Severe difficulties
40.0 40

35.0 35

30.0 30

25.0 25
Vision Male Vision Male
20.0 20
Vision Female Vision Female

15.0 Vision Total 15 Vision Total

10.0 10

5.0 5

0.0 0
60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85-89 90+ 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85-89 90+

Source: SM Adioetomo and Mujahid 2014

based on 2010 Census
08/05/2013 SMAdioetomo/SEACmeeting 14
 Percentage of older persons who have difficulties in
hearing, even if wearing hearing aid, by age and sex,
and degree of difficulties
Some difficulties Severe difficulties
40
40.0
35
35.0
30
30.0
25
25.0
20
Hearing Male
Hearing Male
20.0
Hearing Female 15 Hearing Female
15.0 Hearing Total
Hearing Total
10

10.0
5

5.0 0
60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85-89 90+
0.0
60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85-89 90+

Source: SM Adioetomo supported by UNFPA (forthcoming)

based on 2010 Census
08/05/2013 SMAdioetomo/SEACmeeting 15
 Percentage of older persons who have difficulties in
walking and climbing stairs, by age and sex, and degree
of difficulties
Some difficulties Severe difficulties
40.0
40
35.0
35
30.0
30
25.0 Waliking and Climbing Waliking and Climbing
25
stiars Male stiars Male
20.0 20
Waliking and Climbing Waliking and Climbing
stiars Female stiars Female
15.0 15
Waliking and Climbing Waliking and Climbing
10.0 stiars Total stiars Total
10

5.0 5

0.0 0
60-6465-6970-7475-7980-8485-89 90+

Source: SM Adioetomo and Mujahid 2014,

based on 2010 Census
08/05/2013 SMAdioetomo/SEACmeeting 16
 Percentage of older persons who have difficulties in
memorizing, concentration and communication, by age
and sex, and degree of difficulties
Some diffulties Severe difficulties
40
40.0

35.0 35

30.0 30

25.0 Communication Male 25

Communication Male
20.0 20
Communication
Female Communication
15.0 15
Communication Total Female
10.0 10 Communication Total

5.0 5

0.0
0

Source: SM Adioetomo and Mujahid 2014

based on 2010 Census
08/05/2013 SMAdioetomo/SEACmeeting 17
Percentage of older persons who have difficulties in self
care, by age and sex, and degree of difficulties

Some difficulties Severe difficulties

40.0 40

35.0 35

30.0 30

25.0 25
Self Care Male Self Care Male
20.0 20 Self Care Female
Self Care Female
Self Care Total Self Care Total
15.0 15

10.0 10

5.0 5

0.0 0
60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85-89 90+ 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85-89 90+

Source: SM Adioetomo supported by UNFPA (forthcoming)

based on 2010 Census
08/05/2013 SMAdioetomo/SEACmeeting 18
 Support

08/05/2013 SMAdioetomo/SEACmeeting 19
 Older people also give transfer but they are
more likely to receive inter-household transfer,
especially the women, IFLS 2007
Percentages of older people who Percentages of older people who
give inter-household transfer, IFLS received inter-household transfer,
2007 IFLS 2007
50 47 90
81 82 83 83
45 43 80 77

40 37
36 70
35
60
30 28 29
26
50
25 22 23 Male Male
Female 40 36 35
20 17 32 Female
30
15 30 26

10 20
5 10
0
0
Q1 poorest Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 richest
Q1 poorest Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 richest

Source: DI and HelpAge International,2012 derived from IFLS 2007

08/05/2013 SMAdioetomo/SEACmeeting 20
 Even the poorest give money to others. Older women
are more generous. How much money do they?

Male
Female

Q1_poorest Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5-richest

Q1_poorest Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5-richest

Male 28,560 26,050 75,012 139,595 736,401

Female 102,774 96,505 157,379 627,230 832,109

Source: DI and HelpAge International,2012 derived from IFLS 2007

08/05/2013 SMAdioetomo/SEACmeeting 21
 But older women receive more even the richer

Male
Female

Q1_poorest Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5-richest

Q1_poorest Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5-richest

Male 161,058 196,615 190,136 283,843 369,266

Female 664,914 627,536 1,127,374 3,035,403 2,392,043

Source: DI and HelpAge International,2012 derived from IFLS 2007

08/05/2013 SMAdioetomo/SEACmeeting 22
 Percentage and average values of inter-household
transfer given by older persons, IFLS 2007
To Siblings To Children
% (Rphs.) % (Rphs.)
Total 18.21 312,938 13.86 1,554,508
Age
60-69 21.18 346,288 15.01 1,157,662
70-79 14.18 199,294 12.50 2,780,664
80+ 7.12 240,045 8.96 1,417,856
Sex
Male 19.43 290,495 5.81 2,258,548
Female 17.09 336,374 21.26 1,377,744
Area
Urban 19.47 383,930 13.65 1,238,217
Rural 17.45 265,712 13.99 1,738,505

Source: DI and HelpAge International,2012 derived from IFLS 2007

08/05/2013 SMAdioetomo/SEACmeeting 23
 Percentage and average values of inter-household
transfer received by older persons, IFLS 2007
From Siblings From Children
% (Rphs.) % (Rphs.)
Total 20.58 301,944 47.83 1,824,923
Age
60-69 21.68 302,912 46.23 2,227,754
70-79 19.51 327,531 51.09 1,179,926
80+ 15.15 184,574 50.27 941,679
Sex
Male 17.90 364,795 16.94 999,606
Female 23.04 257,106 76.21 1,993,467
Area
Urban 18.52 479,971 45.36 3,365,933
Rural 21.81 211,820 49.31 979,726

Source: DI and HelpAge International,2012 derived from IFLS 2007

08/05/2013 SMAdioetomo/SEACmeeting 24
 Existing Social Protection in Indonesia
• Social Insurance
– Saving and insurance for government civil servant
(Taspen)
– Saving and insurance for Armed Forces (Asabri)
– Health Insurance for government civil servants and the
military (Askes)
– Pension scheme for workers in private companies
(Jamsostek)
• Social assistance
– National Health Insurance (Jamkesmas)
– Family Hope Program (PKH)
– Rice for the poor (Raskin)
– Others.

08/05/2013 SMAdioetomo/SEACmeeting 25
 PKH: Family Hope Program (conditional
cash transfer)
• Started in 2007 in several provinces, and
managed by the Ministry of Social Affaires
• Target beneficiaries: in 2009 is 720,376 of
very poor or chronic poor households , which
have a child aged 6-15 years, or age 18 who
has not completed primary school, have a
child age 0-6 years, or have a pregnant or
lactating mothers
• Budget: USD$106.4 million in 2009.
08/05/2013 SMAdioetomo/SEACmeeting 26
 ASLUT: cash transfer for poor and
neglected or abandoned older people.
• ASLUT (then JSLU) is a are neglected or
abandoned to meet their basic needs.
• Cash transfer of Rp300,000 a month but
reduced to Rp200,000 a month to increase
coverage
• The development of ASLUT cash transfer for
the poor  next slide.

08/05/2013 SMAdioetomo/SEACmeeting 27
 Social assistance for poor and neglected older
persons is less than 1 percent.
Percentage of Expenditure on Social Insurance and Social Assistance , Indonesia, 2009.
Labour Market Programs
1%

Old Age Insurance (For

Other Social Assistance govt Civil servants,
(e.g.Raskin, PKH, Military Personnel,
Disability etc) Private Sector workers)
23% 24%

Disaster Assistance
and Relief ASKES and Jamsostek
1% Health Insurance
7%
Social Assistance Jamsostek Occupational
for Child Protection Injury and death
35% Insurance
1%
Social Assistance
Social Health assistance for Elderly
(Jamkesmas, JPK Gakin) 0%
8%

Source: Asian Development Bank: Indonesia Assessment Social Protection Index, Draft report, 2011

08/05/2013 SMAdioetomo/SEACmeeting 28
 Lessons learned from the Household
Survey of 2000 of ASLUT beneficiaries

08/05/2013 SMAdioetomo/SEACmeeting 29
 Access to Various Social Assistance of
Respondents ASLUT and non ASLUT, by sex,2012
80
70 66 67 66 66
60
50
40 36 34 34
29 Mal
30
Female
20
10 4 4
0 1 3 3
0 1
0
JSLU Non-JSLU JSLU Non-JSLU JSLU Non-JSLU JSLU Non-JSLU
Jamkesmas PKH Raskin Other Health Ins.

Source: Findings from a household survey of ASLUT beneficiaries and non-

beneficiaries, a purposive sample in 11 provinces. Demographic Institute UI and
HelpAge International, submitted to GRM-PRSF-TNK2K, 2012,
08/05/2013 SMAdioetomo/SEACmeeting 30