GENETICALLY

MODIFIED ORGANISM
(HUMAN BEING)
GENE
 GENE
is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity.
Genes are made up of DNA.
Some acts as an instructions to make molecules called proteins

However, many genes do not code for proteins

In humans, genes vary in size from few hundred DNA bases to
more than 2 million bases.
 HUMAN GENOME
 all of the approximately three billion base pairs of deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA) that make up the entire set of chromosomes of the
human organism. The human genome includes the coding regions of
DNA, which encode all the genes (between 20,000 and 25,000) of
the human organism, as well as the noncoding regions of DNA,
which do not encode any genes.
 The human genome is not uniform.
 The human genome is not static.
 Some of these changes are neutral or even advantageous; these are
passed from parent to child and eventually become commonplace in
the population.
WAYS OF CREATING
GENETICALLY
MODIFIED
ORGANISM
(HUMAN BEINGS)
 HUMAN GENETIC MODIFICATION
 isthe direct manipulation of the genome
using molecular engineering techniques.
Recently developed techniques for
modifying genes are often called “gene
editing”.
 This is also called Genetic Engineering or
Genetic Manipulation.
 SOMATIC GENETIC MODIFICATION
&
GERMLINE GENETIC MODIFICATION
Somatic genetic modification adds, cuts, or changes the genes in
some of the cells of an existing person, typically to alleviate a
medical condition. These gene therapy techniques are approaching
clinical practice, but only for a few conditions, and at a very high
cost.

Germline genetic modification would change the genes in eggs,

sperm, or early embryos. Often referred to as “inheritable genetic
modification” or “gene editing for reproduction,” these alterations
would appear in every cell of the person who developed from that
gamete or embryo, and also in all subsequent generations.
 GENETIC ENGINEERING
 has advanced the understanding of many theoretical and
practical aspects of gene function and organization. Through
recombinant DNA techniques, bacteria have been created that
are capable of synthesizing human insulin, human growth
hormone, alpha interferon, a hepatitis B vaccine, and other
medically useful substances.
The ultimate goal of biomedical engineering is to erase certain
genetic diseases.
Likewise, the application of gene editing in humans has raised
ethical concerns, particularly regarding its potential use to alter
traits such as intelligence and beauty.
PROCEDURES INVOLVED IN GENETIC ENGINEERING:

• Stem Cell therapy – could also make use on genetic

engineering that makes use of stem cells to treat or prevent
diseases.
Example: Cultivating stem cells to repair fragile bones of
people with osteoporosis.
• Genetic Screening – main purpose is to screen, choose and
select the genes for proper detection of any genetic disease
and other chromosomal malformations (Ciabal, 2003). This is
usually done for the early diagnosis of diseases.
• Genetic interventions – are techniques such as genetic control,
therapy, and surgery. People can now “intervene” in the
biological process and “control” bad or defective genes
(Ciabal, 2003)

• In vitro fertilization (IVF) – is popularly known as laboratory

fertilization. IVF is a complex series of procedures used to help
with fertility or prevent genetic problems and assist with the
conception of a child.

Example: Mature eggs (egg cell) are collected (retrieved) from

ovaries and fertilized by sperm in a lab.

• CRISPR Technology – use to search for cures and cancer and to

find and edit single pieces of DNA that may lead to future
diseases in an individual.
 GENE MUTATION
  is a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene, such
that the sequence differs from what is found in most people.
 Mutations range in size; they can affect anywhere from a single DNA building
block (base pair) to a large segment of a chromosome that includes multiple
genes.
Two major ways:
 Hereditary mutations are inherited from a parent and are present throughout
a person’s life in virtually every cell in the body.
 Acquired (or somatic) mutations occur at some time during a person’s life
and are present only in certain cells, not in every cell in the body. 
 EFFECTS OF MUTATION

A single mutation can have a large effect, but in many

cases, evolutionary change is based on the
accumulation of many mutations with small effects.
Mutational effects can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral,
depending on their context or location.

Most non-neutral mutations are deleterious. In general,

the more base pairs that are affected by a mutation, the
larger the effect of the mutation, and the larger the
mutation's probability of being deleterious.
 ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION
 a method of treating infertility by inserting
semen directly into the womb.
 Intrauterine Insemination (IUI) is the most
common method of artificial insemination.
Artificial insemination can benefit couples or
individuals with a range of needs like a couple
who are trying to treat infertility.
 WHY USE IT?
• The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
suggest that a woman should consider a fertility doctor
to discuss treatment if she is:
Unable to conceive within 1 year of trying
Prone to irregular periods
Over 35 years of age and trying to conceive
If a woman has 2 or more spontaneous miscarriages
 IUI CAN HELP IN THE FF. MEDICAL
SITUATIONS:
 if a couple that produces healthy sperm and eggs but is unable to have
intercourse, possible due to a medical conditions, such as erectile
dysfunction.
 in women with cervical factor infertility, the cervix either does not produce
the mucus that helps sperm travel to the womb, or the mucus contains a
substance that kills the sperm.
Endometriosis causes the cells from the womb lining start to grow outside
the womb, ex. In the ovaries or the fallopian tube.
A woman may have an allergic reaction to certain proteins in sperm or
semen. The AI can remove most of these before applying the sperm.
Some men are unable to produce enough sperm for successful fertilization,
or their sperm may not be sufficiently motile.
Artificial insemination is short and relatively painless.
Many women describe it as similar to a Pap smear.
Some reasons why the chances might be lower that it
will work are:

 Older age of women

 Poor egg quality
 Severe case of endometriosis
 A lot of damage to fallopian tubes, usually from long term
infection.
 Blockage of fallopian tubes
Other Issues With Artificial Insemination:

The procedure won't work for everyone. Some couples try it several
times before they get pregnant, while others may not have any success
at all.
 EFFECTS IN THE FUTURE

Superhumans/almost perfect
humans
Economic Status

Hereditary and
Non-hereditary
Diseases

Boost Human Gene

Pool

POSITIVE
 NEGATIVE
Violated the ethical and social norms
Human weapons
Morally permissible
Awakening of Mad scientists
Superiority of other nations
Unbalance level of power
Could be the cause of mass destruction
World War 3 might happen