Basic Statistics

Formulas
- Dr. T. T. Kachwala

Slide 1
 Slide 2

Simple Arithmetic Mean for Individual Observations

Slide 3
Arithmetic Mean for Discrete Series

 f X fX
μ 
N f

Where f = Frequency: X = The variable in question:

N = Total number of observations, i.e., f
 Slide 5

Median for discrete Series

Arithmetic Mean for Continuous Series

fm fm
μ 
N f

Where m = mid-point of various classes

f = the frequency of each class
N = the total frequency i.e., f
 Slide 7

Median for Continuous Series

 Slide 8

Calculation of Mode for Continuous Series

 Slide 9

Combined Arithmetic Mean

Slide 10
Population Standard Deviation for Ungrouped Data

σ Σx 2
N
N is the number of observations

x  x - μ 

μ  X N  f
N
 Slide 12

Sample Standard Deviation for Ungrouped Data

Variance and Coefficient of Variance
Variance  σ 2

Coefficient of σ  100
variation or C.V. = μ
  Standard Deviation

μ  Arithmetic Mean
Standard Deviation for Discrete Series

σ Σf x2
N
N is the number of observations

N  f
μ  fX
N
x  x - μ 
Standard Deviation for Continuous Series

σ Σfx2
Σf

N is the number of observations = f

fm
μ
f
 ' m' is the mid point of the class interval 
x  m - μ
 Slide 16

Karl Pearson’s Coefficient of Skewness

Karl Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient
Ungrouped Data
xy
r
 x 2  y 2

x   x - x  and

 
y   Y - Y 
 

X Y
X Y
n n

The value of ‘r’ lies

between -1 & +1
 Slide 18

Karl Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient

 Slide 19

Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient

 Slide 20

Regression Analysis
Slide
Slide 21
21
 Slide 22

Regression Analysis
 Slide 23

Regression Analysis
 Slide 24

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